Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lactotransferrin is involved in the antibacterial defence of the host by virtue of its reversible iron-binding capacity. On the one hand, it participates in different molecular mechanisms displayed by immunocompetent cells which are known to synthesize or recognize the lactotransferrin. For instance, 1) during inflammation, apolactotransferrin released by the neutrophils captures the iron from serotransferrin which is accumulated by the macrophages, by means of their lactotransferrin membrane receptors; 2) lactotransferrin is an important component in the microbicidal activity of neutrophils by regulating the hydroxyl radical production; 3) lactotransferrin acts as a regulator of myelopoiesis by modulating activity of the colony stimulating factors; 4) lactotransferrin could be involved in the control mechanism of lymphoid cell migration. On the other hand, lactotransferrin participates to the non-specific local secretory immunity by being involved in antibacterial mechanisms together with secretory immunoglobulins sIgA and lysozyme. The different aspects of the participation of the lactotransferrin in the cellular and secretory mechanisms of antibacterial defence of the host show that the lactotransferrin plays a predominant role in the local immunity of any mucosa.
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PMID:[The role of lactotransferrin in the molecular mechanisms of antibacterial defense]. 634 80

Oral candidiasis is a common problem, frequently presenting as a chronic recurring infection. Oral infection is a potential reservoir of organisms for severe, spreading, local disease and systemic disease in the compromised host. Nonspecific local oral factors in host defense include the epithelial barrier, flow or saliva, microbial interactions, antimicrobial constituents of saliva, lysozyme, lactoferrin, the lactoperoxidase system, levels of iron, and salivary glycoproteins. Immunoglobins are present in saliva, but their role is poorly understood. The activity of antibody against Candida on oral mucosal surfaces may not be mediated by complement and phagocyte activity. Specific antibodies against Candida may function by aggregating the organisms and preventing mucosal adherence of the fungi.
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PMID:Oral candidiasis: pathogenesis and host defense. 636 82

One of the greatest advantages of feeding exclusively breast-milk is the continuous provision of immunoglobulin A, especially during the first days of life, and of leucocytes with macrophage function as well as unspecific, antiinfectious agents like lactoferrin, lysozyme and neuraminic acid. It seems, that the organism is protected against allergic reactions at the mucosa level of the small intestine caused by the penetration of "foreign" protein by feeding exclusively breast-milk especially during the first weeks and months of life. During the first months of the infant's life an increased supply of iron results from the higher content of iron in breast-milk as compared to cow's milk, and the better absorption of the iron from breast-milk. Just because of this (the better provision with iron from natural food) solid foods should not be added to the infant's diet before 6 months of age. One of the disadvantages of breast-feeding is the passage of unwanted substances from breast-milk to the infant. First of all the chlorinated hydrocarbons have to be mentioned within this context. However, a decreasing tendency can be assumed according to recent investigations. An increasing tendency in breast-milk, though not confirmed, seems possible only for the polychlorinated biphenyls. Nevertheless, for the pediatrician no reason to advise against breast-feeding results from the unwanted admixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons in breast-milk. One should rather vigorously propagate to feed as many children as possible exclusively with breast-milk over a period of 4 to 6 months.
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PMID:[Current views on breast feeding]. 641 39

Rabbits were exposed to low levels of airborne metals for 1-8 months, 5 days/week, 6 hours/day. After exposure, lung tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Macrophages lavaged from the left lung were examined morphologically and functionally. Phospholipids were analysed in lung tissue or lavage fluid. Metallic nickel dust, 0.1-1 mg/m3, affected alveolar macrophages, alveolar epithelial type II cells and phospholipids. In the lung tissue, nodular accumulation of macrophages was seen, and the volume density of alveolar type II cells was elevated. The amount of phospholipids was markedly increased, mainly due to an increase in disaturated phosphatidylcholines. After 1 month of exposure the macrophages appeared active. After 3 months they appeared 'overfed' and inactive. Metallic iron, chromium and cobalt did not produce the same effects as nickel. Exposure to 0.2 mg/m3 soluble nickel as nickel chloride produced almost identical effects to those of metallic nickel, indicating that the effect of the metallic nickel particles was caused by nickel ions. Exposure to cadmium chloride produced nearly all the effects produced by nickel chloride. However, cadmium chloride increased the level of lysozyme in the macrophages whereas nickel chloride decreased it. Cadmium chloride also produced interstitial alveolitis and cytoplasmic blebs on the surface of the macrophages. Cobalt chloride affected the growth of the type II cells, which formed nodules, but did not seem to affect the production of surfactant material by those cells. Copper chloride produced no effect apart from a slight increase in volume density of the type II cells. Thus, of four divalent metal ions, three (Ni2+, Cd2+ and Co2+) in similar concentrations in the inhaled air produced clear but different pathological effects in the lungs.
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PMID:Toxicology of nickel. 654 49

1. A comparison is made of gel electrophoretic patterns of the "whey" proteins of the milk of red (Macropus rufus) and eastern grey (Macropus giganteus) kangaroos at various stages of lactation. Qualitative and quantitative changes occur with time during the mature phase of lactation of both types. Their onset is related solely to the stage of lactation. "Whey" proteins are isolated and characterised and the nature of protein changes determined for the first time. 2. The anodic electrophoretic pattern is divided into 6 main zones (designated A F in order of decreasing mobility) and 2 cathodic zones (G and H) that are only detected in the milk of M. giganteus. 3. Zones A, B and C are milk specific. Zone B is present throughout lactation in both species and is an alpha-lactalbumin. Zones A and C are present only in late lactation, zone C, usually, but not always, appearing first. Zone A is an alpha-lactalbumin in M. giganteus, but is not an alpha-lactalbumin in M. rufus. Zone C appears to be the same protein in both species and is possibly a beta-lactoglobulin. 4. Zone D is kangaroo serum albumin and zone E is possibly a beta 2-microglobulin. Zone F contains three main iron (III) binding bands whose relative intensity varies with stage of lactation. Their intensity differs from the corresponding blood serum transferrin bands. 5. Zone H of Macropus giganteus is a lysozyme. 6. Lactose is present in the milk, but is not the principal sugar. 7. The significance of the results is discussed.
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PMID:"Whey" proteins of milk of the red (Macropus rufus) and eastern grey (Macropus giganteus) kangaroo. 660 Sep 92

Gram positive bacteria, including lysozyme-resistant strains, and yeasts were killed in hen egg albumen with or without iron at 30 of 39.5 degrees C. The albumen was more toxic at 39.5 degrees C than at 30 degrees C for Gram negative bacteria. With the exceptions of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter sp. and Proteus vulgaris, iron caused the growth of Gram negative bacteria or protected them from being killed in hen albumen at 39.5 degrees C. At this temperature, however, maximal growth of and glucose utilization by Escherichia coli C20 only occurred in albumen supplemented with growth factors, trace metals, additional nitrogen and sufficient iron to quench ovotransferrin. The bactericidal properties of albumen could be negated by changing its pH from 9.0 or above to 7.5 or below. At 39.5 degrees C, enterochelin allowed growth of E. coli in albumen at pH 7.9, but not at 9.4, whereas iron allowed growth at both pH values.
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PMID:The influence of incubation temperature and pH on the antimicrobial properties of hen egg albumen. 670 88

Serum from both germfree and conventional rats, but not plasma or plasma serum, killed Listeria monocytogenes in vitro by a calcium-dependent mechanism that was independent of either complement or lysozyme and was not inhibited by the addition of iron. The listericidin was purified by passing either rat serum or platelet lysate through a nitrocellulose filter (0.2 micrometer) and eluting the activity from the filter with 0.02 N HCl. The partially purified listericidin was heat stable (56 degrees C for 30 min), removed by absorption with zymosan or bentonite, sensitive to treatment with trypsin or pronase, and inhibited by the addition of citrate (0.045 M), suggesting that the serum listericidin is a cationic protein. The development of serum listericidal activity, which could be important in the innate resistance of rats to L. monocytogenes, was dependent on both age and microbial status. Although some discrepancies exist between the serum listericidin and previous descriptions of serum beta-lysin, we believe that the rat serum listericidin is a similar cationic protein.
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PMID:Killing of Listeria monocytogens by conventional and germfree rat sera. 679 76

Deposits on soft contact lenses of high water content were investigated morphologically and chemically and compared with those on conventional soft contact lenses of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The material of the lenses examined in this investigation was the crosslinked copolymer of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone with a water content higher than 70%. Morphologically, the deposits on the lenses with high water content were found to have no characteristics distinguishable from those on conventional lenses. By the electron microscopic observation of the cross section of a lens that had become opaque, it was confirmed that the deposit was on the lens surface and that no deposit was within the lens. Some spots on the lenses were recognized as colonies of microorganisms, but the majority of the spots had no involvement by microorganisms. Surface analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) confirmed that the main component of the filmy deposit was protein. Protein was detected in most of the deposits. The amino acid compositions of the proteins were found to be close to that of lysozyme. From the elemental analysis of several spots, silicon, aluminum, iron, and some other elements were detected. The structural analysis of some spots by a laser Raman microprobe (MOLE) revealed the existence of lipids. In several cases, the deposits were found to have grown around a defect of the lens surface. A mechanism for the formation of deposits is suggested.
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PMID:Analysis of deposits on high water content contact lenses. 684 67

The main pathological feature of experimental legionellosis produced by the intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea-pigs was a fibrinopurulent peritonitis, especially over the liver and spleen. Foci of necrosis were present in these organs from the second to seventh day after infection. Early biochemical changes in the serum included significant decreases in the concentration of zinc and iron, and increases in copper and triglycerides. Phenylalanine to tyrosine ratios increased strikingly, but free amino acid decreased slightly. The total protein concentration did not change, but acute-phase proteins increased. Serum lysozyme activity increased as leucocytosis developed but fell during the subsequent leucopenia. In the later stages of the disease the activity of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and creatine kinase decreased; that of dehydrogenases and transaminase increased.
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PMID:Pathological and biochemical features of Legionella pneumophila infection in guinea-pigs. 712 Mar 55

When the cell lysis of Micrococcus luteus by hen egg white or human lysozyme is performed in the presence of bovine or human lactoferrin, a temporary increase of the turbidity of the solution as followed at 450 nm is observed. Examination of the suspension under light microscopy has proven that the protoplasts produced upon lysozyme action are agglutinated by lactoferrin. The rate of agglutination depends on pH, lactoferrin, lysozyme and cells concentrations. Agglutination is maximal at pH 5.5. Around 1.4 X 10(6) binding sites for lactoferrin per cell have been determined through a Scatchard plot analysis. The binding to the cells is not mediated by the glycosidic moiety of lactoferrin but rather by a charge-to charge interaction as succinylation of about four out of the 39 lysines of lactoferrin completely abolishes its ability to agglutinate the cells. Binding does not depend on ionic iron nor on the iron content of lactoferrin itself.
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PMID:Lactoferrin binding to lysozyme-treated Micrococcus luteus. 713 5


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