Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Knowledge of the state of differentiation, cell phenotype, and expression of genes for mucus production at the time of study is important because these may vary at different times during the culture period. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether the number of ciliated cells increases as a function of differentiation in NHNE cells. If we observed an increase in the number of ciliated cells, the composition ratio of ciliated and secretory cells according to the culture duration was determined. The levels of mucin and lysozyme secretion and their gene expression at this time were also examined. The presence of ciliated cells was not evident up to 2 days after confluence. However, 3.1 +/- 0.2 %, 7.4 +/- 0.5 %, and 14.5 +/- 0.6 % of the cells were ciliated on the 7th, the 14th, and the 28th day after confluence, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of secretory cells were 35.6 +/- 2.8 %, 32.8 +/- 2.5 %, 32.8 +/- 2.5 %, and 49.4 +/- 1.4 % on the 2nd, the 7th, 14th, and 28th day after confluence. The amount of secreted mucin showed an abruptly increasing pattern by the 14th day after confluence but showed no significant changes thereafter. The amount of secreted lysozyme increased as a function of differentiation. MUC5AC and MUC5B mRNA were mainly expressed between the 7th and the 14th day after confluence with relatively weak MUC8 and lysozyme expression. By the 28th day after confluence however, as the MUC5AC mRNA expression became weaker, MUC5B, MUC8, and lysozyme mRNA expression became stronger. In conclusion, we speculate that in in vitro studies with NHNE cells, the time point of treatment should vary according to the purpose of the study. In addition, the MUC5B and MUC8 gene may play an important role in mucin secretion in fully differentiated human nasal epithelial cells.
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PMID:Mucociliary differentiation according to time in human nasal epithelial cell culture. 1207 34

Goblet cells produce mainly MUC5AC, but also MUC5B and some MUC2 in apparently 'irritated' airways. MUC5B dominates in the submucosal glands although a little MUC5AC and MUC7 are usually present. MUC4 originates from the ciliated cells. After separation into a gel and a sol phase, lysozyme and lactoferrin are enriched in the salivary gel phase suggesting that mucus may act as a matrix for 'protective' proteins on the mucosal surface. A salivary MUC5B N-terminal fragment consistent with a cleavage event in the D' domain was detected with antibodies against various N-terminal peptide sequences suggesting that assembly of MUC5B occurs through a mechanism similar to that of the von Willebrand factor. Identification of additional cleavage sites C-terminal to the D' domain suggests that most of the N-terminal low-glycosylated part of MUC5B may be removed without affecting the oligomeric nature of the mucin. Possibly, the generation of mucins with different macromolecular properties through proteolytic 'processing' is one way of adapting the mucus polymer matrix to meet local physiological demands. Monomeric mucins that appear to turn over rapidly in the airway epithelium have been identified using radiolabelled mucin precursors. 'Shedding' of such mucins after microbe attachment may prevent colonization of epithelial surfaces.
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PMID:Respiratory tract mucins: structure and expression patterns. 1256 89

Lactoferrin and lysozyme are important antimicrobial compounds of airway surface liquid, derived predominantly from serous cells of submucosal glands but also from surface epithelium. Here we compared release of these compounds from the following human cell cultures: primary cultures of tracheal epithelium (HTE), Calu-3 cells (a lung adenocarcinoma cell line frequently used as a model of serous gland cells), 16HBE14o- cells (an SV40 transformed line from airway surface epithelium), T84 cells (a colon carcinoma cell line), and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). For lysozyme, baseline secretory rates were in the order Calu-3 > 16HBE14o- > HTE T84 > HFF = 0; for lactoferrin, the only cell type showing measurable release was HTE; for mucus, HTE > Calu-3 > 16HBE14o- T84 > HFF = 0. A wide variety of neurohumoral agents and inflammatory stimuli was without effect on lactoferrin and lysozyme release from HTE or Calu-3 cells, although forskolin did stimulate secretion of water and lysozyme from Calu-3 cells. However, the concentration of lysozyme in the forskolin-induced secretions was much less than in airway gland secretions. Thus our data cast doubt on the utility of Calu-3 cells as a model of airway serous gland cells but do suggest that HTE could prove highly suitable for studies of mucin synthesis and release.
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PMID:Secretion of lactoferrin and lysozyme by cultures of human airway epithelium. 1500 37

Colon cancers develop after accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations in colon epithelial cells. To shed light on global changes in gene expression of colon cancers and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying colon carcinogenesis, we have conducted a comprehensive microarray analysis of mRNA using a rat colon cancer model with the food-borne carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Of 8749 genes or ESTs on a high density oligonucleotide microarray, 27 and 46 were over- and underexpressed, respectively, by > or =3-fold in colon cancers in common in two rat strains with distinct susceptibility to PhIP carcinogenesis. For example, genes involved in inflammation and matrix proteases and a cell cycle regulator gene, cyclin D2, were highly expressed in colon cancers. In contrast, genes encoding structural proteins, muscle-related proteins, matrix-composing and mucin-like proteins were underexpressed. Interestingly, a subset of genes whose expression is characteristic of Paneth cells, i.e. the defensins and matrilysin, were highly overexpressed in colon cancers. The presence of defensin 3 and defensin 5 transcripts in cancer cells could also be confirmed by in situ mRNA hybridization. Furthermore, Alcian blue/periodic acid Schiff base (AB-PAS) staining and immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-lysozyme antibody demonstrated Paneth cells in the cancer tissues. AB-PAS-positive cells were also observed in high grade dysplastic aberrant crypt foci, which are considered to be preneoplastic lesions of the colon. Our results suggest that Paneth cell differentiation in colon epithelial cells could be an early morphological change in cryptic cells during colon carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Global gene expression analysis of rat colon cancers induced by a food-borne carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. 1505 25

Pathophysiologic differences in neural responses to hypertonic saline (HTS) were investigated in subjects with acute sinusitis (n = 25), subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with nonallergic rhinitis (n = 14), subjects with active allergic rhinitis (AR; n = 17), and normal (n = 20) subjects. Increasing strengths of HTS were sprayed into their nostrils at 5-minute intervals. Sensations of nasal pain, blockage, and drip increased with concentration and were significantly elevated above normal. These parallels suggested activation of similar subsets of afferent neurons. Urea and lysozyme secretion were dose dependent in all groups, suggesting that serous cell exocytosis was one source of urea after neural stimulation. Only AR and normal groups had mucin dose responses and correlations between symptoms and lysozyme secretion (R(2) = 0.12-0.23). The lysozyme dose responses may represent axon responses in these groups. The neurogenic stimulus did not alter albumin (vascular) exudation in any group. Albumin and mucin concentrations were correlated in sinusitis, suggesting that nonneurogenic factors predominated in sinusitis mucous hypersecretion. CFS had neural hypersensitivity (pain) but reduced serous cell secretion. HTS nasal provocations identified significant, unique patterns of neural and mucosal dysregulation in each rhinosinusitis syndrome.
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PMID:Neuropathology in rhinosinusitis. 1547 96

Proteins, lipids and other biomolecules interact strongly with the acrylic-based biomaterials used for contact lenses. Although hydrogels are nominally resistant to protein fouling, many studies have reported considerable amounts of protein bound to poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) lenses. This study examined the binding of a series of biomolecules (tear protein analogues, mucin and cholesterol) to poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and three HEMA-based hydrogels (PHEMA, HEMA plus methacrylic acid (P(HEMA-MAA)), HEMA plus methacrylic acid plus N-vinylpyrrolidone (P(HEMA-MAA-NVP))) by use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring. The QCM-D estimates changes in the mass and viscous constant for the adsorbed layer through measurements of frequency and dissipation. Protein interaction with each of the test materials caused a net increase in mass of the material indicating protein binding except for lysozyme interacting with P(HEMA-MAA). A net decrease in mass was observed for lysozyme interacting with P(HEMA-MAA) which may be ascribed to lysozyme collapsing the hydrogel by expelling water. A net mass decrease was observed for cholesterol interacting with each of the hydrogel materials, while a mass increase was observed on PMMA.
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PMID:The effect of charged groups on protein interactions with poly(HEMA) hydrogels. 1605 82

The interactions of hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) with boric acid, lysozyme, and mucin were characterized by rheology, light scattering, electrophoresis, and isothermal titration calorimetry to help understand how HPG interacts with tear film components. Borate binds to guar under pH, temperature, and ionic strength conditions representative of those found in the eye. The HPG-borate complexes behave as anionic polyelectrolytes and thus interact with cationic lysozyme, a major tear film protein, whereas HPG-borate does not appear to bind to mucin, an anionic glycoprotein. The interactions of HPG, borate, lysozyme, and mucin can be explained by two physical interactions: (1) pH-dependent binding of borate to carbohydrates and (2) the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged macromolecules.
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PMID:Hydroxypropyl guar-borate interactions with tear film mucin and lysozyme. 1622 24

Human tear viscosity is poorly understood. Tears need to remain on the ocular surface for lubrication without causing damage to the surface epithelia due to drag when blinking. Whole tears are shear-thinning (non-Newtonian), which cannot be explained by the amount of mucin present, nor by individual proteins. Whole tears minus lipids become Newtonian. Though no free lipids had previously been found in collected tears, tear lipocalin (TL), a major tear protein, is known to bind lipids. In this study, we aimed to confirm whether there are any free lipids in collected tears, and to clarify the combined contribution of tear proteins to viscosity, including experiments on recombinant TL, both without (apo-TL) and with (holo-TL) bound lipid. We also investigated possible oligomer formation by holo- and apo-TL as a mechanism for viscosity using SDS-PAGE and analytical ultracentrifugation (AU). For comparison, we have included results for beta-lactoglobulin, a well-characterised lipocalin protein. No free lipids were detected in whole tears. Rheology showed that any protein combination that included lysozyme or lactoferrin was shear-thinning, as was apo-TL, though holo-TL was Newtonian (linear). Results from SDS-PAGE and AU showed apo-TL to be entirely monomeric, but holo-TL showed some dimerization. Both apo- and holo-beta-lactoglobulin exhibited a monomer-dimer equilibrium. We conclude that hetero-protein interactions, possibly electrostatic, involving lipid-binding-induced structural changes to TL, significantly contribute to the viscosity of human tears.
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PMID:Human tear viscosity: an interactive role for proteins and lipids. 1623 63

Milk contains components that provide critical nutritive elements, immunological protection, and biologically active substances to both neonates and adults. Milk proteins are currently the main source of a range of biologically active peptides. Concentrates of these peptides are potential health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications. Several bioactive peptides may be used as nutraceuticals, for example, in the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, thrombosis, dental diseases, as well as mineral malabsorption, and immunodeficiency. Minor whey proteins, such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins, are considered antimicrobial proteins. Milk also contains some natural bioactive substances. These include oligosaccharides, fucosylated oligosaccharides, hormones, growth factors, mucin, gangliosides, and endogenous peptides, which are present in milk at secretion. Most of the claimed physiological properties of milk bioactive components have been carried out in vitro or in animal model systems, and these hypothesized properties remain to be proven in humans. Whether these milk bioactive components will replace drugs entirely in the immediate future is still unclear, but the increasing appreciation of "drug foods" or nutraceuticals plays a complementary rather than a substitutional role to the synthetic pharmacological drugs.
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PMID:Milk biologically active components as nutraceuticals: review. 1637 32

Progressive mucinous histiocytosis is a rare, benign, non-Langerhans' cell histiocytosis limited to the skin. Ten cases--all women--in four families and one sporadic case have been described in the literature. The disorder usually begins in childhood and progresses slowly. We report two sporadic cases of adult-onset progressive mucinous histiocytosis in unrelated African-American women, aged 48 and 55 years, respectively, who developed red-brown and flesh-coloured, asymptomatic papules on the face, the arms and the legs without truncal, mucosal or visceral involvement. The lesions showed no spontaneous regression. Both patients lacked associated systemic symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia or seizures. There was no underlying hyperlipidaemia, paraproteinaemia or lymphoproliferative disease. No family history of similar lesions could be identified. Light microscopy revealed dermal proliferation of spindle-shaped histiocytes with abundant mucin deposition. Electron microscopy demonstrated a high number of myelin figures or zebra bodies in the cytoplasm of histiocytes. On immunohistochemistry, positive staining with macrophage markers--CD68, HAM56 and lysozyme--and factor XIIIa, a transglutaminase present in dermal dendrocytes, and negative staining with Langerhans' cell markers--CD1a and S100--and CD34, a marker present in dermal dendritic cells derived from uncommitted mesenchymal cells, were observed.
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PMID:Two sporadic cases of adult-onset progressive mucinous histiocytosis. 1642 Mar 13


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