Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The amino groups of ovomucoid, lysozyme and ovotransferrin have been extensively alkylated by reacting the proteins with various carbonyl reagents in the presence of sodim borohydride. The extent of modification ranged from 40 to 100%. Essentially monosubstitution was obtained with acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and benzaldehyde, while 20--50% disubstitution was obtained with N-butanal and nearby 100% disubstitution was obtained with formaldehyde. Both the methylated and isopropylated derivatives of all three proteins were soluble and retained almost full biochemical activities, but introduction of the larger substituents caused precipitation with lysozyme and ovotransferrin.
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PMID:Extensive modification of protein amino groups by reductive addition of different sized substituents. 53 13

Reduced and unreduced lysozyme aggregates formed by formaldehyde cross-linking comprise a set of model compounds for studying the effects of protein conformation on the electrophoretic mobilities of sodium dodecyl sulphate-protein complexes. The reduced aggregates were indistinguisable from normal proteins, but the unreduced aggregates migrated anomalously fast by about 14%. Contrary to expectations, plots of logarithm Rf versus Kr (retardation coefficient) failed to reveal an unusual conformation for the unreduced aggregates. Thus the anomalous mobility caused by several intramolecular disulphide bonds escaped detection by the above two diagnostic plots. Also included in this paper is a discussion of the implications of these results with regard to current models for sodium dodecyl sulphate-protein complexes.
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PMID:Mobility of sodium dodecyl sulphate - protein complexes. 127 84

Benzil blockade of the guanidyl group of arginine was tried on sections of paraffin-embedded tissue fixed in two different fixatives, in an attempt to evaluate the relevance of this amino acid to the reaction of several proteins with their corresponding antibodies. The two fixatives were 10% formaldehyde, and Bouin's fluid without acetic acid. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against proteins or peptides (lysozyme, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, placental lactogen, and prolactin) were used on human biopsies or material from autopsies. The blockade was effective when monoclonal antibodies were used, whereas no effect or only a small decrease of the intensity of the reaction was observed with polyclonal antibodies. The least definitive result was obtained with prolactin, where a complete blockade was never achieved with monoclonal antibodies. Calcitonin, a peptide that does not contain arginine, was used as a control not susceptible to benzil blockade; no blockade of immunostaining was observed.
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PMID:Blockade of the antigen-antibody reaction using benzil condensation with the guanidyl residue of arginine. 172 24

During the period of 1983-1985, in two of apprentice schools of P. town the health disorders were investigated in the total of 82 apprentices 15-18 years old from the environment with elevated concentrations of formaldehyde and toluene. The study was contrasted with a control total of 42 apprentices. Cytogenetical examination has been performed, and selected immunological parameters in both blood serum and saliva have been assessed with red and white blood cells counts including differential formula of white blood cells. In addition, the atmospheric toxicity of formaldehyde and vapours of organic solvents (toluene, xylene, varnish naphtha) was measured. A single biological exposure test has been performed for the detection toluene. Statistically significant were differences in occurrence of cell chromosomal aberrations between the group of long term formaldehyde and toluene exposure (averagely 3.53% ABB) and controls (2.21% ABB) as obtained in 1983 and 1984, and so were differences between the long term-to-toluene exposed group (3.30% ABB) and the above mentioned control group as obtained in 1984. No similar results were stated between the long term-to-formaldehyde exposed (3.07% ABB) and control (2.55% ABB) groups in 1985. The main evidence consisted in finding the genotoxical/clastogenic effect of observed agents associated with mainly chromosomal abnormalities of chromatide type. It outflowed from the determination of selected serum proteins (Ig and acute phase proteins) and salivary lysozyme that the group under the combined influence of formaldehyde and toluene showed significantly lower IgG and higher alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT). The group at risk of toluene was characteristical in elevated concentrations of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and A1AT. Most pronounced changes in first year had been revealed through the evaluation of the influence of the duration at risk (significant decrease in IgA and prealbumin, and the increase in A2M and A1AT). The infectious disease as experienced 2 month prior the collection resulted in a significant decrease of IgM, A2M and A1AT in risky groups in individuals with infection in anamnesis. Salivary lysozyme concentration of apprentice environmentally exposed to formaldehyde in the noon showed the decrease, whereas its increase occurred in controls with the difference on 5% significancy level. Blood count assessements showed no significant differences between the investigated values as well as any were assessed between the incidence of health disorders of apprentices and their correspondance to the given group.
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PMID:[Environmental monitoring and biological monitoring of young people exposed to nonoccupational levels of formaldehyde, toluene and other hydrocarbons]. 181 45

Nineteen gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma were selected from 554 surgical cases and examined pathologically and immunohistochemically using formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded materials. Most showed ulcerative lesion and 15 cases located in fundic and cardiac gland regions. They were subdivided histologically into three groups, early (group I), localized (group II) and infiltrative tumors (group III), the number of cases being 2, 10 and 7, respectively. Lymph node metastases occurred in 3 cases in group II and 6 in group III, the latter showing a significantly higher incidence. The number of carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9 immunoreactive tumor cells was apparently smaller in gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma than in ordinary gastric carcinomas. Frequent presence of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin immunoreactivity characterized the tumor cells of gastric carcinoma with lymphoid cells. Stroma cells consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes and histiocytes. Of these, the greatest number examined immunohistochemically was B cells and IgG cells, followed in descending order by T cells, IgA cells and IgM cells in the order given. A variable number of lysozyme immunoreactive histiocytes were also detected in all the cases. Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma might be subclassified as a separate entity, although short term follow-up study did not demonstrate a favorable prognosis for this type of gastric cancer.
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PMID:Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma: pathological and immunohistochemical analysis. 222 25

The L1 antigen is a highly immunogenic protein of about 36,500 daltons that can be purified from granulocytes with good yield. Immunocytochemistry with a rabbit anti-serum raised against L1 showed it to be present in the cytoplasm of virtually all resting peripheral neutrophils and monocytes. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining demonstrated variable expression of L1 on the plasma membrane of both these cell types, usually along with lysozyme. This indicated that L1 represents a secretory product like lysozyme as their coexpression on the surface of vital cells was contrasted by the absence of lactoferrin. Cytoplasmic L1 was well preserved by both precipitating and cross-linking fixatives, the latter being preferable to avoid leaching out of antigenic material and to obtain good cellular morphology. Thus, fixation for 3 minutes at room temperature in glutaraldehyde (1%)-formaldehyde (3%) afforded excellent immunoperoxidase staining, particularly when a calcium-containing buffer was used. L1 was not found in eosinophilic granulocytes or in resting B- and T-lymphocytes. Neither did blast transformation of lymphocytes seem to induce L1 expression.
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PMID:Distribution of a new myelomonocytic antigen (L1) in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining features in comparison with lysozyme and lactoferrin. 240 91

A number of fixation and decalcification procedures were evaluated to determine their suitability for immunohistochemistry on trephine samples of bone marrow after paraffin embedding. In particular, the immunoreactivity of antigens characteristic for various hematopoietic cell lines (immunoglobulin heavy and light chains for plasmacytoid cells; elastase for neutrophil myeloid cells; lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin for hystiocytic cells; leukocyte common antigen for lymphocytes; hemoglobin and glycophorin A for erythroid cells; Factor VIII-related antigen for thrombocytoid cells) as well as some antigens specific for epithelial tumors (CEA, 115D8, and keratin) were investigated. Fixation in a mercuric chloride-formaldehyde mixture followed by decalcification in acetic acid-formaldehyde-saline proved to be the best procedure for antigen preservation and retention of morphologic detail. Moreover, there is no need of trypsinization when using this procedure. The only exception was Factor VIII-related antigen in megakaryocytes, which was best demonstrated in trypsin-digested sections of formalin-fixed and acetic acid-decalcified biopsies.
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PMID:Influence of fixation and decalcification on the immunohistochemical staining of cell-specific markers in paraffin-embedded human bone biopsies. 241 61

Paraffin sections of formaldehyde-fixed renal biopsies were labeled for complement C3 by a polyclonal rabbit antibody to human complement C3, by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) techniques, respectively. All tissues had C3 deposits according to direct immunofluorescence on fresh frozen sections. Staining for muramidase was introduced as an intrinsic control for the degree of tissue proteolysis after the necessary trypsin digestion prior to the immunoenzyme labeling. The results indicated that even minute deposits of C3 could be detected in paraffin sections by the ABC method, which was more sensitive than the PAP technique; the ABC method allowed a maximal dilution of 1:2,400 of the primary antibody as compared to 1:800 for the PAP technique.
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PMID:Conditions for the immunohistochemical demonstration of complement factor C3 in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded renal tissues. 242 Jul 64

The heterogeneity in human neutrophil granules was examined by the ultrastructural localization of a series of antigens which have been previously identified with neutrophil granules by either physical separation or biochemical/biological techniques. All samples were prepared by cryofixation and molecular distillation drying (LifeCell Process), a two-step physical method that achieves cryofixation by metal mirror freezing and drying by the controlled, incremental heating of cryofixed samples in an ultrahigh vacuum. After drying, the samples were either exposed to vapor-phase osmium followed by embedment in Spurr resin, or they were exposed to formaldehyde vapor followed by embedment in Araldite resin. An indirect streptavidincolloidal gold procedure was used for immunoelectron microscopy on ultrathin sections. Subcellular ultrastructural morphology of neutrophils prepared by this method was good compared to standard electron microscopic techniques and superior compared to comparable, published electron microscopic cryomethods applied to neutrophils. Immunogold localization of myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, lysozyme, lactoferrin, beta 2-microglobulin, and CD-15 antigens showed high intensity and specificity of labeling in the intracellular granules. Patterns of labeling varied from antigen to antigen, demonstrating granule heterogeneity both within and among neutrophils. This methodology is useful in the exploration and definition of granule heterogeneity and function.
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PMID:Human neutrophil granule heterogeneity: immunolocalization studies using cryofixed, dried and embedded specimens. 261 53

Nitrosation and acetylation, two histochemical blocking procedures for amino groups, were used to establish the extent to which these groups intervene in the antigen-antibody reaction in immunohistochemistry. We used the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method (PAP) to demonstrate lysozyme in Paneth cells and in lamina propria mononucleocytes of human small intestine as a model system. We studied the relationship of these groups to fixation, concentration of the primary antiserum, and length of blockade, as well as the possibility of reversing blockade as proof of specificity. Our findings support the contention that amino groups are also an important factor in antigen-antibody binding, even in fixed tissue. Fixatives influence the binding process in many ways, with acetylation producing a more successful result than nitrosation in tissue fixed in Bouin without acetic acid, whereas the reverse is true in formaldehyde-fixed tissue.
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PMID:Histochemical blockade of the antigen-antibody reaction using immunoperoxidase demonstration of lysozyme in paneth cells and lamina propria mononucleocytes of human small intestine as a model system. 265 61


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