Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Minicells produced by Bacillus subtilis CU403 (divIVB1) are capable of mucopeptide biosynthesis as shown by the incorporation of L-alanine, D-alanine, and N-acetylglucosamine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material, which can be degraded to trichloroacetic acid-soluble material by lysozyme digestion. Incorporation of the precursors is sensitive to vancomycin and D-cycloserine and insensitive to chloramphenicol. Penicillin inhibits the incorporation of D- and L-alanine N-acetylglucosamine at concentrations in excess of 10 mug of penicillin per ml; however, minicells are insensitive to penicillin-induced lysis. The material synthesized in minicells from N-acetylglucosamine is not subject to turnover during a subsequent 6-h incubation period. [2-3H]glycerol is converted to a cold trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form by minicells. This synthesis is not inhibited by vancomycin, penicillin, D-cycloserine, or chloramphenicol. Fractionation of the material synthesized from glycerol into hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble material and chloroform/methanol-extractable material indicates that minicells convert glycerol into teichoic acid and lipid.
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PMID:Synthesis of cell envelope components by anucleate cells (minicells) of Bacillus subtilis. 40 71

The contents of alkaline phosphatase and glycogen in the neutrophils of the peripheral blood of unbred albino rats weighing 170-200 gm were determined. Benzylpenicillin and oxacillin in doses of 50000 and 20000 Units/kg respectively were administered intramuscularly once a day over a long period of time. Two-phase changes in the contents of alkaline phosphatase and glycogen under the effect of penicillin were found. An increase in their contents was observed on the 5-10th days then it was followed by a decrease. Increase in the contents of the metabolites proceeded simultaneously with enhancing of the digestive capacity of the leucocytes and activity of lysozyme in them.
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PMID:[Change in the alkaline phosphatase activity and glycogen content in the leukocytes of white rat blood under the influence of penicillin preparations]. 122 8

Activity of lysozyme in the blood serum and leucocytes was determined. The experiments were carried out on albino unbred rats weighing 170 to 200 gm. Benzylpenicillin and oxacillin were administered intramuscularly in doses of 500000 Units/kg or 20000 gamma/kg once every 24 hours for 2, 4 and 6 days. The activity of lysozyme was determined by the turbidimetric and agar-diffusion methods. It was found that the activity of lysozyme in the leucocytes increased by the 5th day accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in its level in the serum followed by reaching the initial values. The data are indicative of the fact that the use of antibiotics in mega-doses is not contraindicated from the point of view of their effect on lysozyme activity.
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PMID:[Lysozyme activity in the leukocytes and blood serum of white rats administered massive doses of penicillin preparations]. 127 74

Unusual gram positive bacteremia has been reported in non granulopenic patients receiving recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) suggesting a beneficial effect of anti gram positive prophylaxis in such patients. We report here studies on granulocyte functions examined during the course of high dose IL-2 therapy (16 to 24 million IU/m2/days for 11 to 18 days) administered during a period of 35 days in 14 patients including 4 solid tumors, 5 chronic myeloid leukemias, 4 recipients of autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) and 1 recipient of syngeneic bone marrow transplant. Neutrophils functions were studied before IL-2 administration (d 0), after the first cycle (d 8) and after the third cycle (d 36). Nylon fiber adherence, superoxide production, random migration, phagocytosis, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, lysozyme and elastase release were not impaired significantly throughout therapy. However N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (FMLP) stimulated chemotaxis of granulocytes, normal before therapy, was significantly impaired as early at d 8 and severely inhibited at d 36 (p less than 0.001). Three septicemia, one corynebacteria parvum septicemia and two gram-negative septicemia despite normal neutrophil counts and oxacillin or Penicillin G plus Pefloxacin prophylaxis, occurred among the 14 patients studied. Although neutrophil functions were not more depressed in transplanted patients than in the other non transplanted patients, special attention should be paid to such patients in whom delayed immune reconstitution could increase the risk of sepsis.
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PMID:Interleukin-2 induces chemotactic deficiency in patients with onco hematologic malignancies and autologous bone marrow transplantation. 166 18

Penicillin-induced filaments of Proteus vulgaris P 18 had a seemingly unaltered cell envelope. Lysozyme, however, reduced the wall part of these filaments into a three-layered structure and caused transformation into spheroplasts. Although cross walls and membrane septa were absent in the filaments, most of the lysozyme-induced spheroplasts remained attached to each other.
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PMID:Action of lysozyme on penicillin-induced filaments of Proteus vulgaris. 414 32

The lysis of Escherichia coli B/5 infected with T4Dr48 could be delayed by addition of 9-aminoacridine (9AA). Infected cells showed an early period of maximal response followed by a decline in sensitivity. The ultimate rate of lysis was also affected by the dye. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), protein, and lysozyme synthesis began at the normal time in complexes inhibited by 9AA addition. The rates of synthesis of these macromolecules were lower in the presence of the dye, with DNA and lysozyme synthesis being more strongly affected than total protein synthesis. Penicillin-sensitive cell wall synthesis stopped at about 10 min after infection. Inhibition of oxidative metabolism by early potassium cyanide addition prevented lysis in the presence of intracellular lysozyme. The cyanide-sensitive event occurred at about 20 min in normal infections, and between 30 and 40 min in 9AA-inhibited infections. 9AA could alter both the time at which the cyanide-sensitive event occurred and the time of lysis. Addition of chloramphenicol did not prevent lysis once intracellular lysozyme was present. Lysis from without of infected cells consisted of three phases: an initial sensitivity, followed by a short period of resistance, and then a return to sensitivity in normal infections. The demonstration of the late return to sensitivity depended on the presence of intracellular lysozyme, and could be delayed by 9AA addition.
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PMID:Control of lysis of T4-infected Escherichia coli. 491 52

1. The permeability barrier against benzylpenicillin has been found to be passive in four strains of penicillinase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (three of Klebsiella aerogenes and one of Escherichia coli). 2. If the three K. aerogenes strains are grown in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin or phenethicillin the resultant bacterial cells have deficient permeability barriers. Concentrations of ampicillin or benzylpenicillin less than one-tenth of those required to inhibit growth cause destruction of more than half the permeability barrier in these strains. 3. Benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and phenethicillin have no effect upon the permeability barriers of resting cells from the three K. aerogenes strains. 4. Treatment of resting cells with trisodium EDTA, although failing to sensitize K. aerogenes to lysozyme, severely damages permeability barriers in this species. 5. The magnesium and calcium salts of EDTA do not have the same capacity as the sodium salt for causing damage to permeability barriers in K. aerogenes and E. coli. Damage caused by trisodium EDTA can be at least partially reversed by treatment with Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) ions. It is suggested that EDTA damage is caused by removal of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) ions, or both, from the bacterial cell envelope. 6. Bacterial cells with deficient permeability barriers as a result of either growth in the presence of a penicillin or treatment with EDTA remain viable, and revert to their usual permeability after growth in nutrient broth.
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PMID:Damaging effects of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate and penicillins on permeability barriers in Gram-negative bacteria. 496 52

Protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis plated on SDG medium formed L colonies in quantative yield and propagated in the L-form indefinitely. Protoplasts or L bodies placed in 25% gelatin medium formed bacillary colonies. Details of the reversion of these naked bodies to the walled form are reported here. Protoplasts prepared in minimal medium reverted fairly synchronously 3 to 4 hr after inoculation into gelatin, but protoplasts preincubated in casein hydrolysate (CH)-enriched minimal medium were primed to revert within 1 hr in the gelatin. Preincubation for 1.5 hr in 0.44% CH was required for good priming. Cells must be subjected to this preincubation (step 1) in the naked state; it is effective for L bodies as well as protoplasts. Priming was blocked by chloramphenicol, puromycin, and actinomycin D but was not affected by penicillin, lysozyme, or inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. It is concluded that protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis are required during step 1, that DNA synthesis is not required, and that wall mucopeptide is not made. The reversion of well-primed protoplasts in the gelatin (step 2) proceeded undisturbed in thymine-starved cells with chromosomes arrested at the terminus. It was scarcely slowed by chloramphenicol in the gelatin but was delayed about 3 hr by both puromycin and actinomycin D. Escape from inhibition occurred while the inhibitors were still actively blocking growth. Penicillin and cycloserine inhibited and lysozyme reversed reversion. Momentary melting of the gelatin delayed reversion. It is concluded that mucopeptide synthesis occurs in step 2, that concomitant RNA, DNA, or protein synthesis is not essential, but that physical immobilization of excreted cell products at the protoplast surface is necessary early in step 2. Newly reverted cells were misshapen and osmotically sensitive. Processes which confer osmotic stability after reversion (step 3) did not occur in the presence of chloramphenicol or actinomycin D.
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PMID:Gelatin-induced reversion of protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis to the bacillary form: biosynthesis of macromolecules and wall during successive steps. 498 68

Greening disease of citrus is characterized by the presence of procaryotic organisms in the sieve tubes of infected plants. These procaryotes have often been called mycoplasma-like. We have previously shown that the envelope of the organism was composed of two membranes, each with a triple-layered structure: an inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) and an outer membrane. Penicillin treatment of greening-affected plants results in remission of symptoms, suggesting the presence of a peptidoglycan (PG) layer in the envelope of the organism. However, when observed by conventional electron microscopy, no PG layer could be detected in the envelope of the greening organism (GO). Recently, we were able to transmit the GO from citrus to periwinkles by dodder. In periwinkles, GO multiply to high titres and, therefore, characterization studies can be carried out directly on the organisms in situ. Using papain treatment of GO in greening-infected periwinkles, we were able to visualize a PG-like layer in the envelope of the GO. This layer was removed by lysozyme treatment. In these respects, the structure of the GO envelope was nearly identical to that of E. coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, but was different from that of Staphylococcus aureus (a Gram-positive bacterium) treated in the same way. From the presence of a membranous PG-containing cell wall, the GO appears to be a true bacterium of the Gram-negative type, and not a mycoplasma.
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PMID:Aetiology of citrus greening disease. 637 70

The inhibition of elongation of Bacillus megaterium KM growing in the presence of low concentrations of nocardicin A resulted in the production of osmotically stable, actively dividing coccal-shaped cells. Saturation of penicillin-binding proteins 3a and 3b with nocardicin A in vivo at these concentrations was correlated with the inhibition of cell elongation. Analysis of the DD-carboxypeptidase activity of isolated vegetative membranes of B. megaterium KM in vitro indicated that penicillin-binding protein 4 is not a DD-carboxypeptidase under the assay conditions used. Penicillin-binding proteins were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the suitability of lysozyme treatment of cells as a method of membrane preparation was investigated with regard to the detection of proteins with highly labile penicillin-binding activities in vitro.
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PMID:The interaction of nocardicin A with the penicillin-binding proteins of Bacillus megaterium KM. 641 40


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