Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enzymaticaly homogeneous fractions of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils were isolated by zonal centrifugation from peripheral blood of a patient with hairy cell leukemia, or leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, LRE,(with leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, and massive splenomegaly). To detect enzymatic deficiencies, the cells were analyzed quantitatively for six leukocytic enzymes on three occasions: 1) before splenectomy, 2) 5 days after splenectomy, and 3) 6 weeks after splenectomy. Before splenectomy, the patient's cells showed moderate deficiency of beta-glucuronidase in lymphocytes and monocytes; server to modorate deficiency of lysozyme and myeloperoxidase in monocytes and granulocytes; and complete absence of neutral protease and alkaline phosphates in neutrophils. Full restoration of neutral protease and a three-fold rise in alkaline phosphatase activities occurred in the patient's neutrophils 5 days after splenectomy. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase returned to normal in both monocytes and neutrophils of the patient. Six weeks following splenectomy, the alkaline phosphatase activity again disappeared from patient's neutrophils, although neutral protease remained normal. The patient's lymphocytes were unresponsive to PHA and PW mitogen before splenectomy but became responsive 6 weeks postoperatively. Monocytic transfomation into macrophges was supressed before and after splenectomy. The findings indicate that developmenally, in lymphocytic leukemia, a biochemical defect involves the patient's monocytes and neutrophils much more severely than it affects the leukemic lymphocytes. Functionally, the results partly explain the susceptibility of LRE patients to microbial infections.
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PMID:Absence of neutral protease and alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils of a case of hairy cell leukemia. 43 13

In 51 untreated cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease some cellular (neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity, neutrophil NBT reducing capacity, and neutrophil and plasma lysozyme activities) and humoral (serum orosomucoid and serum haptoglobin) indices of disease activity were quantitated. The most pronounced signs of disease activity, thus, were found in severe cases of ulcerative colitis. Combining lysozyme activities with other disease activity indices seems to facilitate the distinction between severe cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Beyond this the addition of the humoral indices seemed not to offer substantial help.
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PMID:Cellular and humoral indices of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. 68 Apr 16

Reccurrent abnormalities of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte bactericidal activity were demonstrated in a patient with sarcoidosis. Defective function occurred during hypercalcemia complicating recovery from Listeria meningitis, and during separate, unrelated episodes of erythema nodosum, staphylococcal cellulitis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Leukocyte morphology, oxidative metabolism, degranulation, and content of myeloperoxidase and lysozyme were normal, but low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrable on one occasion. Despite defective bactericidal function of monocytes, the patient's macrophages killed bacteria normally. The relationship between an intermittent leukocyte bactericidal defect and sarcoidosis is unclear; however, further studies of leukocyte function in sarcoidosis patients with opportunistic infection are indicated.
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PMID:Intermittent neutrophil-monocyte bactericidal defects in a patient with sarcoidosis. 80 91

Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows at an apparent reduced rate at 46 C as compared with the rate at 37 C, when growth is measured as an increase in absorbance. Cells at 46 C are long, plasmolyzed, nonmotile filaments. The filaments contain phase-dark material that may be chromosomal in nature. When the 46 C culture is shifted to 37 C, the filaments fragment at polar ends after flagella form, and the final number of cells is equal to the number of chromosomal "packets" observed within the filament. The outer envelope of the filament appears to be structurally complete as determined by biochemical, thin section, and freeze-etch examination. When filaments are treated with lysozyme, they form large spheroplasts, suggesting that the outer wall and the cytoplasmic membrane are continuous within the filament. Filaments produce little or no periplasm-located alkaline phosphatase (APase), but activity appears immediately after a shift to 37 C. Cells grown at 37 C and shifted to 46 C remain as single, nonmotile, rods or doublets, and the APase formed at 37 C remains stable at 46 C. The addition of APase or inorganic phosphate is partially or completely effective as an inducer of filament fragmentation at 46 C. The results suggest that periplasm-located APase is an important enzyme in the final stages of cell division when P. aeruginosa is cultured on inorganic phosphate-limiting media.
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PMID:Cell division in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: participation of alkaline phosphatase. 81 77

The alkaline phosphatase activities of five unique isolates of marine bacteria were found to be associated with the periplasmic space; however, the enzymes from these isolates differed with respect to their repressibility, the apparent number of isoenzymes, the necessity for Mg2 for activity, and the conditions required for their release. With three of the isolates, the enzyme was released when cells that had been washed in 0.5 M NaCl were suspended in sucrose; however, with the other two isolates, one required the additional presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and the other required the presence of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In two isolates the activity was constitutive, in two it was partially repressed, and in one it was completely repressed by inorganic phosphate. The repression of activity was associated with corresponding changes of activity bands as seen by acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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PMID:Biochemical and physiological properties of alkaline phosphatases in five isolates of marine bacteria. 84 25

Despite the rapidly expanding clinical use of leukocyte biochemistry, there is a limited amount of data available on normal human leukocytes. Some of the problems associated with the clinical use of leukocytes are discussed briefly. Enzyme activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, lysozyme, and beta-galactosidase are presented. Results are reproducible between normals when expressed per mg of leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Much higher lymphocyte activties of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase are noted than previously reported with cytochemical or intact cell systems. It has been demonstrated that leukocytes cannot be considered chemically homogenous but should be separated and considered as individual cell types.
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PMID:Repetitive tissue biopsy by venipuncture: enzyme activities in isolated leukocyte populations. 94 81

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the substrate L-alanine p-nitroanilide has been found in the various Escherichia coli strains tested. This enzyme has been called aminoendopeptidase since it shows both activities (see accompanying paper). It is released from the cells by osmotic shock and by lysozyme -- EDTA spheroplasting treatment, and 50% of the total activity is directly detectable with suspensions of intact cells. However, the release by osmotic shock or spheroplasting is not as efficient as it is for alkaline phosphatase. This periplasmic aminoendopeptidase is constitutively produced but the differential rate of synthesis is increased 4-fold when the cell growth is limited by Pi. The occurrence of this 'derepression' is simultaneous with that of alkaline phosphatase. Increasing the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium has no effect on the constitutive aminoendopeptidase synthesis. The effect of phosphate starvation is specific since starvation for neither nitrogen nor carbon and energy source are effective in derepressing aminoendopeptidase.
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PMID:Evidence for an aminoendopeptidase localized near the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Regulation of synthesis by inorganic phosphate. 110 39

Homogenates of highly purified polymorphonuclear leucocytes and of a mixture of mononuclear leucocytes and platelets from human blood were separated by differential and isopyknic centrifugation. A heterogeneity in granules containing digesting enzymes was found in both cell preparations. Enzymes typical of lysosomes were found in the two cell preparations in a similar density gradient. Granules of low density were indicated in polymorphonuclear leucocytes by alkaline phosphatase. In both cell preparations a third granule, of lower density, seemed to exist enriched in amino acid naphthylamidase, acid hydrolases and in polymorphonuclear leucocytes also alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. A remarkable difference between the two cell preparations was the occurrence of amino acid napthylamidase in denser granules of polymorphonuclear only, although the nature of these granules could not be determined.
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PMID:Enzymatic heterogeneity of granules in human leucocytes. 112 49

Subcellular distribution study of cytoplasmic organelles was performed on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after homogenization in 0.34 molar sucrose by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the homogenate. The whole homogenate and each fraction was assayed for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reductase with and without 1 mM potassium cyanide, and the distribution of this enzyme was compared to the distribution of lysozyme, peroxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase. Enzyme recovery was 97 per cent and ranged between 74 and 124 per cent. Latent activity of all enzymes except NBT-reductase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated by observing a four- to sixfold increase in activity after the addition of Triton-X 100. Maximal relative specific activity using either DPNH or without cyanide for NBT-reductase was found in the 100,000 x g differential centrifugation fraction and was concentrated in the less dense top fraction of the sucrose density gradient. The distribution pattern was similar to acid and alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, the maximal concentration of beta-glucuronidase and peroxidase was found in the heavier 7,200 x g granule fraction and in the more dense bottom fractions of the sucrose density gradient. Maximal lysozyme activity was concentrated in the 30,000 x g granule fraction and in the fractions located between the heaviest and lightest fractions of the sucrose density gradient. The lack of latent activity and the similarity of subcellular distribution of NBT-reductase to acid and alkaline phosphatase, two enzymes associated with microsomes and plasmalemal membranes in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), indicates that NBT-reductase is also a nonlysosomal enzyme located in microsomes or in plasmalemal membranes. These findings support the previously described histochemical observations that initial reduction of NBT to formazan occurs on the PMN plasmalemal surface membrane at the point of particle attachment. In addition, they suggest that alteration of the surface membrane of the PMN by particle attachment or other surface forces may activate NBT-reductase, leading to an accumulation of formazan in the region of the altered membrane as the phagocytic vacuole is formed.
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PMID:Subcellular distribution of nitroblue tetrazolium reductase (NBT-R) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). 118 38

Nuclear magnetic quadrupole relaxation appears to be a general method for studying the binding of anions to proteins. This is shown by the increase in transverse quadrupole relaxation rate of 35Cl- and 81Br- in the presence of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, lysozyme, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, human carbonic anhydrase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and human serum albumin. Of the many possible binding sites at the surface of a protein (e.g. positively charged amino acid side-chains) only a few account for the main part of the relaxation enhancement. This is shown by the decrease in 35Cl- and 81Br- relaxation rate on addition of functional ligands. Large, kinetically inert, complex anions like Pt(CN)2-4 and Au(CN)-2 are found to act as strong competitors towards halogen ions for the high-affinity anion binding sites of a number of proteins. Titrations with complex anions following the 35Cl- or 81Br- relaxation rates are found to be helpful in attempts to elucidate binding mechanisms. Especially, the complex anions may be useful probes for the discrimination between general and metallic anion binding sites in proteins and they also permit correlation of information from X-ray investigations of crystals with that from physical measurements in solution. From the change in halide ion quadrupole relaxation rate on addition of strongly binding ligands the quadrupole coupling constants of the high affinity Cl- and Br- binding sites are estimated using certain assumptions. It is found that for several proteins, comprising the metal-free proteins but also alcohol dehydrogenase and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, the 35Cl quadrupole coupling constants have approximately the same values. For some other metallo-proteins like carbonic anhydrase and a zinc - serum-albumin complex considerably greater quadrupole coupling constants were obtained. The estimated quadrupole coupling constants are used as a basis for a discussion of the interactions involved in anion-protein interactions.
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PMID:Pt(CN)2-4 and Au(CN)-2: potential general probes for anion-binding sites of proteins. 35Cl and 81Br nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies. 120 23


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