Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-anti-trypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglubulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.
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PMID:Biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. 352 14

The glycation (nonenzymatic glycosylation) of several proteins was studied in various buffers in order to assess the effects of buffering ions on the kinetics and specificity of glycation of protein. Incubation of RNase with glucose in phosphate buffer resulted in inactivation of the enzyme because of preferential modification of lysine residues in or near the active site. In contrast, in the cationic buffers, 3-(N-morpholino)propane-sulfonic acid and 3-(N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-amino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, the kinetics of glycation of RNase were decreased 2- to 3-fold, there was a decrease in glycation of active site versus peripheral lysines, and the enzyme was resistant to inactivation by glucose. The extent of Schiff base formation on RNAse was comparable in the three buffers, suggesting that phosphate, bound in the active site of RNase, catalyzed the Amadori rearrangement at active site lysines, leading to the enhanced rate of inactivation of the enzyme. Phosphate catalysis of glycation was concentration-dependent and could be mimicked by arsenate. Phosphate also stimulated the rate of glycation of other proteins, such as lysozyme, cytochrome c, albumin, and hemoglobin. As with RNase, phosphate affected the specificity of glycation of hemoglobin, resulting in increased glycation of amino-terminal valine versus intrachain lysine residues. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate exerted similar effects on the glycation of hemoglobin, suggesting that inorganic and organic phosphates may play an important role in determining the kinetics and specificity of glycation of hemoglobin in the red cell. Overall, these studies establish that buffering ions or ligands can exert significant effects on the kinetics and specificity of glycation of proteins.
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PMID:Effect of phosphate on the kinetics and specificity of glycation of protein. 358 12

We have examined, in vitro, the effects of autologous erythrocytes (RBC) coated with soluble immune complexes (RBC-IC) on the interactions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with human endothelial cell (EC) cultures. RBC-IC were prepared by incubating human RBC with soluble immune complexes, prepared with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and rabbit anti-KLH in antigen excess, using normal human serum as a complement source. Several parameters believed to be related to EC-PMN interactions, including adherence of PMN to EC, detachment of EC after incubation with media harvested from RBC-IC-stimulated PMN, and the release of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose from damaged EC, were investigated. The proportion of PMN adhering to EC increased in direct proportion to the number of RBC-IC used to stimulate PMN. Media harvested from PMN stimulated with RBC, RBC incubated with complement, RBC-IC, or opsonized zymosan caused variable degrees of detachment of cultured EC. The percentage of EC detached was directly related to the intensity of the PMN degranulation as measured by lysozyme release with a correlation coefficient of 0.935, comparing the natural log of the lysozyme released to the percentage EC detachment. Finally, RBC-IC added to PMN and EC induced PMN-mediated EC damage as measured by the release of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose from the labeled EC. The release of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose from the labeled EC was directly related to the number of RBC-IC used to stimulate the PMN. These data indicate that RBC-IC are able to stimulate the type of interactions between PMN and EC that are believed to cause EC damage and may play a role in the initiation or exacerbation of inflammatory vascular lesions.
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PMID:Human endothelial cell damage induced by interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and immune complex-coated erythrocytes. 362 79

Thirty strains were isolated from pasteurized soil samples by enrichment culture in aerobiosis at 32 degrees C in a minimal medium containing one of the following compounds as sole source of carbon and energy: quinate, p-hydroxybenzoate, phthalate, isophthalate or trimellitate. These bacteria were rods (0.8 X 2-7 micron), motile by peritrichous flagella. Endospores were oval (1.4-1.8 X 2 micron) and distinctly swelled the sporangia. The Gram reaction was variable but the Gram type was positive. Colonies were smaller on peptone (0.4%) agar than on minimal salts-glucose (0.2%) agar. The following characters were always present: growth in the presence of lysozyme, cytochrome c oxidase, catalase, nitrate assimilation, urease, amylase and L-glutamate dehydrogenase. The cells contained glycogen. In anaerobiosis, glucose was not fermented and nitrate was not used as a respiratory acceptor of electrons. Of 215 substrates tested, 31 (including 9 aromatic compounds) were used as sole carbon and energy sources by all 30 strains, and 38 substrates (including 13 aromatic compounds) were used by only some of them; 146 substrates (including 49 aromatic compounds) were not used by any of the 30 strains. No amino acid could be used as sole carbon and energy source. Numerical analysis of the 30 strains showed an aggregate cluster made of 5 phena. The mean G + C content of the DNA was 55 +/- 0.6 mol %. The described bacteria are clearly different from the 2 known species of the second morphological group which cannot ferment carbohydrates: Bacillus brevis and B. azotoformans. Strain Q1 (ATCC 29948) is the holotype of Bacillus gordonae sp. nov.
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PMID:[Bacillus gordonae sp. nov., a new species belonging to the second morphological group, degrading various aromatic compounds]. 367 81

Eleven diabetics (eight with type I diabetes) aged 20 to 45 years underwent salivary investigations on two occasions, one to five months apart, during different metabolic control. Stimulated salivary flow rate showed a great inter-individual variation, and was not changed by improved metabolic control. Salivary glucose concentration was lower during the period of better metabolic control. In stimulated parotid saliva a positive correlation between glucose levels in saliva and blood was seen. A blood glucose threshold for glucose excretion at about 10-15 mmol/L might be present. There were no significant differences in pH, buffering capacity, total amount of protein, amylase, lysozyme, peroxidase or electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, PO42- and Mg2+) in the saliva between the two occasions of different metabolic control. In conclusion, the degree of diabetic metabolic control does not seem to be of major importance for salivary flow rate or composition in diabetics except for the salivary glucose concentration.
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PMID:Salivary flow rate and salivary glucose concentration in patients with diabetes mellitus influence of severity of diabetes. 367 66

The interaction between the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin and human monocytes was examined. At non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.5-2.5 HU/10(6) cells) pneumolysin depressed the oxygen-dependent respiratory burst in monocytes, induced by opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). This included depressed hexose-monophosphate shunt activity and hydrogen peroxide production. The toxin also depressed the ability of monocytes to degranulate (measured by release of lysozyme) in response to the above stimuli. Phospholipid transmethylation was also markedly decreased by pretreating monocytes with pneumolysin. These effects on monocyte functions were accompanied by a decreased ability of pneumolysin-treated monocytes to kill Streptococcus pneumoniae, the organism that produces the toxin. Cholesterol, which inhibits the haemolytic activity of the toxin, was shown to abrogate the effects of pneumolysin on monocytes.
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PMID:Inhibition of human monocyte respiratory burst, degranulation, phospholipid methylation and bactericidal activity by pneumolysin. 380 76

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (NT) has become an increasingly significant clinical problem. An in vitro model of drug-induced NT was therefore developed using gentamicin and the effects of ATP-MgCl2 on reduction or prevention of NT were determined. To study this, non-pulsatile perfusion in isolated rat kidneys was maintained at 100 mm Hg during 2 hr of perfusion at 37 degrees C. The oxygenated Krebs-HCO3 perfusate contained 7.5 g/dl albumin as colloid, glucose, creatinine, amino acids, trace amounts of [3H]inulin and 125I-lysozyme, and either 0, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 mg/ml of gentamicin. In some studies, 2 mM ATP-MgCl2 was added with 0.8 mg/ml of gentamicin at 0 and 60 min of perfusion. During each 10-min clearance period, glomerular filtration rates, sodium absorption, water absorption, and fractional clearance of TCA-precipitable lysozyme were measured. The results indicate that renal perfusate flow, glomerular filtration rate, urinary flow and tubular absorption of protein (a sensitive indicator of tubular function), sodium, and water were affected by gentamicin in a dose-dependent manner. An isolated kidney preparation can therefore be used to study gentamicin-induced NT. Higher in vitro perfusate concentrations of the drug were needed, however, to acutely mimic the in vivo cumulative effects. Nonetheless, renal perfusate flow, glomerular filtration rate, and the depression in protein reabsorption which occurred with gentamicin treatment were markedly improved by simultaneous treatment with ATP-MgCl2. Thus, ATP-MgCl2 may be useful in reducing drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Reduction of the drug-induced nephrotoxicity by ATP-MgCl2. II. Effects on gentamicin-treated isolated perfused kidneys. 387 64

The structure of the linkage unit between ribitol teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Listeria monocytogenes EGD was studied. A teichoic-acid--glycopeptide preparation isolated from lysozyme digests of the cell walls of this strain contained mannosamine, glycerol, glucose and muramic acid 6-phosphate in an approximate molar ratio of 1:1:2:1, together with large amounts of glucosamine and other components of teichoic acid and glycopeptides. A teichoic-acid-linked sugar preparation, obtained by heating the cell walls at pH 2.5, also contained glucosamine, mannosamine, glycerol and glucose in an approximate molar ratio of 25:1:1:2. Part of the glucosamine residues were shown to be involved in the linkage unit. Thus, on mild alkaline hydrolysis, the teichoic-acid-linked sugar preparation gave a disaccharide characterized as N-acetylmannosaminyl(beta 1----4)-N-acetylglucosamine [ManNAc(beta 1----4)GlcNAc] in addition to the ribitol teichoic acid moiety, whereas the teichoic-acid - glycopeptide was separated into disaccharide-linked glycopeptide and the ribitol teichoic acid moiety by the same procedure. Furthermore, Smith degradation of the cell walls gave a characteristic fragment, EtO2-P-Glc(beta 1----3)Glc(beta 1----1/3)Gro-P-ManNAc(beta 1----4)GlcNAc (where EtO2 = 1,2-ethylenediol and Gro = glycerol). The results lead to the conclusion that in the cell walls of this organism, the ribitol teichoic acid chain is linked to peptidoglycan through a novel linkage unit, Glc(beta 1----3)Glc(beta 1----1/3)Gro-P-(3/4)ManNAc-(beta 1----4)GlcNAc.
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PMID:Characterization of a novel linkage unit between ribitol teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in Listeria monocytogenes cell walls. 391 62

The minor teichoic acid linked to glycopeptide was isolated from lysozyme digests of Bacillus coagulans AHU 1631 cell walls, and the structure of the teichoic acid moiety and its junction with the peptidoglycan were studied. Hydrolysis of the teichoic-acid--glycopeptide complex with hydrogen fluoride gave a nonreducing oligosaccharide composed of glucose, galactose and glycerol in a molar ratio of 3:1:1 which was presumed to be dephosphorylated repeating units of the polymer chain. From the results of structural analysis involving NaIO4 oxidation, methylation and acetolysis, the above fragment was characterized as glucosyl(beta 1----3)glucosyl(beta 1----6)galactosyl(beta 1----6)glucosyl(alpha 1----1/3)glycerol. In addition, the Smith degradation of the complex yielded a phosphorus-containing fragment identified as glycerol-P-6-glucosyl(beta 1----1/3)glycerol. These results led to the most likely structure for the repeating units of the teichoic acid, -6[glucosyl(beta 1----3)]glucosyl(beta 1----6)galactosyl(beta 1----6)glucosyl(alpha 1----1/3)glycerol-P-. The minor teichoic acid, just like the major teichoic acid bound to the linkage unit, was released by heating the cell walls at pH 2.5. The mild alkaline hydrolysis of the minor teichoic acid after reduction with NaB3H4 gave labeled saccharides characterized as glucosyl(beta 1----6)galactitol and glucosyl(beta 1----3)glucosyl(beta 1----6)galactitol, together with a large amount of the unlabeled repeating units of the teichoic acid chain. Thus, the minor teichoic acid chain is believed to be directly linked to peptidoglycan at the galactose residue of the terminal repeating unit without a special linkage sugar unit.
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PMID:Structural studies on the minor teichoic acid of Bacillus coagulans AHU 1631. 395 96

Water content of the protoplast in situ within the fully hydrated dormant bacterial spore was quantified by use of a spore in which the complex of coat and outer (pericortex) membrane was genetically defective or chemically removed, as evidenced by susceptibility of the cortex to lysozyme and by permeability of the periprotoplast integument to glucose. Water content was determined by equilibrium permeability measurement with 3H-labeled water (confirmed by gravimetric measurement) for the entire spore, with 14C-labeled glucose for the integument outside the inner (pericytoplasm) membrane, and by the difference for the protoplast. The method was applied to lysozyme-sensitive spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. megaterium (four types). Comparable lysozyme-resistant spores, in which the outer membrane functioned as the primary permeability barrier to glucose, were employed as controls. Heat resistances were expressed as D100 values. Protoplast water content of the lysozyme-sensitive spore types correlated with heat resistance exponentially in two distinct clusters, with the four B. megaterium types in one alignment, and with the four other species types in another. Protoplast water contents of the B. megaterium spore types were sufficiently low (26 to 29%, based on wet protoplast weight) to account almost entirely for their lesser heat resistance. Corresponding values of the other species types were similar or higher (30 to 55%), indicating that these spores depended on factors additional to protoplast dehydration for their much greater heat resistance.
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PMID:Protoplast dehydration correlated with heat resistance of bacterial spores. 398 4


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