Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacillus subtilis W23 was infected with a clear-plaque variant of SP-10 phage, namely, SP-10c. Exogenous thymidine was not incorporated into phage DNA (even in the presence of deoxyadenosine), nor was there any transfer of thymidine nucleotides from bacterial to viral DNA. The lytic program was unaffected by concentrations of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine sufficient to reduce bacterial DNA synthesis by greater than 95%. Although these data are consistent with the interpretation that thymidine nucleotides are excluded from phage DNA, formic acid digests of SP-10c DNA contained what appeared to be the four conventional bases; however, adenine and thymine were not recovered in equimolar yields. DNA-RNA hybridization and hybridization competition experiments were done. Synthesis of host RNA started to wane moments postinfection and stopped completely by 36 min. SP-10c coded for discrete classes of early and late RNA. The possibility of discrete subclasses of early RNA exists. Replication of the bacterial genome appeared to terminate 12 min postinfection. Degradation of the host DNA to acid-soluble material started at 36 min and, by the end of the latent period, greater than 90% of the host chromosome was hydrolyzed. Four apparent phage-coded enzymes have been identified. A di- and triphosphatase degraded dUTP, dUDP, dTTP, and dTDP (and, to a lesser extent, dCDP and d CTP) to the corresponding monophosphates; the enzyme had no apparent activity on dATP and dGTP. SP10c also coded for a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, lysozyme, and a nuclease that degrades native bacterial DNA. Judging from the dependence of enzyme synthesis on the time of addition of rifampin (an inhibitor of the initiation of RNA synthesis), messengers for the di- and triphosphatase, as well as the nuclease, are transcribed from promoters that start to function 6 min postinfection. Promoters for polymerase and lysozyme did not become functional until 8 and 16 min postinfection, respectively.
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PMID:SP-10 bacteriophage-specific nucleic acid and enzyme synthesis in Bacillus subtilis W23. 13 89

It was found previously that proteins conjugated to ubiquitin are degraded by an ATP-dependent enzyme system, but the mode of action of this system was unknown. We have resolved from reticulocyte extracts three factors that are required for the ATP-dependent breakdown of 125I-lysozyme-ubiquitin conjugates. Two of the factors interact with ATP, as shown by their protection against heat inactivation by the nucleotide. When the three factors are incubated with 125I-lysozyme-ubiquitin conjugates and ATP, there is a lag of 4-6 min in the formation of acid-soluble products before the onset of rapid proteolysis. The lag can be abolished by incubation of the three factors with MgATP prior to the addition of the substrate. This "activation" process does not take place if any of the three factors is omitted from preincubation (and added subsequently) or when ATP is replaced by a nonhydrolyzable analog. Analysis of size distribution by glycerol density gradient centrifugation showed that following incubation of the three factors with MgATP, a high molecular mass (greater than 1000 kDa) activity is formed. That the high molecular weight form is a complex of the three factors is indicated by the finding that its formation is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the levels of the free forms of all three factors. Complex formation seems to be similar to the activation process with regard to time course, requirements for ATP and Mg2+, partial effect of CTP, and lack of effect of nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs. It is suggested that one role of ATP in conjugate breakdown is the formation of an active multienzyme complex.
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PMID:A multicomponent system that degrades proteins conjugated to ubiquitin. Resolution of factors and evidence for ATP-dependent complex formation. 284 33

A soluble ATP-dependent system for protein degradation has been demonstrated in reticulocyte lysates, but not in extracts of nucleated cells. We report that extracts of undifferentiated murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells contain a labile ATP-stimulated proteolytic system. The addition of ATP to MEL cell extracts at alkaline pH enhances degradation of endogenous cell proteins and various radiolabeled exogenous polypeptides from 2-15-fold. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs had no effect. In reticulocytes, one role of ATP in proteolysis is for ubiquitin conjugation to protein substrates. MEL cells also contain ubiquitin and extracts can conjugate 125I-ubiquitin to cell proteins; however, this process in MEL cells seems unrelated to protein breakdown. After removal of ubiquitin from these extracts by DEAE- or gel chromatography, the stimulation of proteolysis by ATP was maintained and readdition of purified ubiquitin had no further effect. In addition, these extracts degraded in an ATP-dependent fashion casein whose amino groups were blocked and could not be conjugated to ubiquitin. After gel filtration or DEAE-chromatography of the MEL cell extracts (unlike those from reticulocytes), we isolated a high molecular weight (600,000) ATP-dependent proteolytic activity, which exhibits many of the properties of energy-dependent proteolysis seen in crude cell extracts. For example, both the protease and crude extracts are inhibited by hemin and N-ethylmaleimide and both hydrolyze casein, globin, and lysozyme rapidly and denatured albumin relatively slowly. The protease, like the crude extracts, is also stimulated by UTP, CTP, and GTP, although not as effectively as ATP. Also, nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs and pyrophosphate do not stimulate the protease. Thus, some mammalian cells contain a cytosolic proteolytic pathway that appears independent of ubiquitin and involves and ATP-dependent protease, probably similar to that found in Escherichia coli or mitochondria.
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PMID:A soluble ATP-dependent system for protein degradation from murine erythroleukemia cells. Evidence for a protease which requires ATP hydrolysis but not ubiquitin. 299 55

Previous studies have indicated that the ATP-requiring conjugation of ubiquitin with proteins plays a role in the energy-dependent degradation of intracellular proteins. To examine whether such conjugates are indeed intermediates in protein breakdown, conjugates of 125I-labeled lysozyme with ubiquitin were isolated and incubated with a fraction of reticulocyte extract that lacks the enzymes that carry out ubiquitin-protein conjugation. ATP markedly stimulated degradation of the lysozyme moiety of ubiquitin conjugates to products soluble in trichloroacetic acid. By contrast, free 125I-labeled lysozyme was not degraded under these conditions, unless ubiquitin and the three enzymes required for ubiquitin conjugation were supplemented. Mg2+ was absolutely required for conjugate breakdown. Of various nucleotides, only CTP replaced ATP. Nonhydrolyzable analogs of ATP were not effective. In the absence of ATP, free lysozyme is released from ubiquitin-lysozyme conjugates by isopeptidases present in the extract. Thus, ATP is involved in both the formation and the breakdown of ubiquitin-protein conjugates.
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PMID:ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. 632 8

In the ubiquitin (Ub) system for protein degradation, proteins ligated to Ub are degraded by an ATP-dependent 26 S protease complex. During or after proteolysis, free Ub is regenerated, but the mechanisms of Ub release remained unknown. It was previously observed that free Ub is released from a Ub-histone conjugate by an ATP-dependent activity present in partially purified preparations of 26 S complex, but the relationship of this activity to protein breakdown was not established. We now show that purified preparations of 26 S complex release free Ub from conjugates that are good substrates for proteolysis, such as conjugates of lysozyme with reductively methylated Ub. The activity that releases free Ub co-migrates with the 26 S protease complex in glycerol density gradient centrifugation, indicating that the responsible Ub C-terminal hydrolase is an integral part of the 26 S complex. Complex-associated hydrolase can also act on adducts in which a single Ub unit is attached to protein, such as a bacterially expressed construct in which the C terminus of Ub is fused to the alpha-NH2 group of a fragment of Ub that contains 60% of its N-terminal region. In all cases, Ub release is insensitive to Ub-aldehyde (an inhibitor of some Ub C-terminal hydrolases) and is stimulated by MgATP. ATP cannot be replaced by beta, gamma-nonhydrolyzable analogs, but it can be substituted by CTP and GTP. The nucleotide specificity of Ub release by the 26 S complex is similar to that observed previously for conjugate proteolysis and nucleotide hydrolysis. It thus seems that the activity of the Ub C-terminal hydrolase associated with the 26 S complex is tightly coupled to the proteolytic action of the complex, and it may have a role in the release of Ub from linkage to amino groups of the protein substrate at the final stages of the Ub proteolytic pathway.
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PMID:Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase activity associated with the 26 S protease complex. 838 22

Hematopoietic growth factors may be useful in improving the clinical effectiveness of arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). In vitro studies have indicated that interleukin 3(IL-3) and, to a lesser extent, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but not G-CSF or M-CSF, may be capable of specifically augmenting the ability of ara-C to kill leukemic myeloid cells by pharmacological and cytokinetic mechanisms including increase of intracellular ara-CTP/dCTP pool ratios and enhanced ara-C DNA incorporation in leukemic blast cells, decrease of IC 90 of ara-C for leukemic colony-forming cells (CFC) as compared with normal CFC growth, and recruitment of quiescent leukemic cells into the cell cycle. In contrast, the combination of ara-C with M-CSF or with the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) appears to be useful in overcoming the block in differentiation of leukemic blast, while the effects of GM-CSF and IL-3 on ara-C-induced differentiation appear limited. The combined treatment of human myeloid leukemia cells by ara-C and LIF is associated with down-regulation of c-myc gene expression, transcriptional activation of jun/fos gene expression, and features of functional differentiation (e.g., the capability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium, to express lysozyme, or to display differentiation-related surface receptors including C3bi and the c-fms protein). On the basis of these in vitro studies first clinical trials are underway that are examining the efficacy of ara-C combinations with these molecules for the treatment of myeloid disorders.
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PMID:Modulation of cytotoxicity and differentiation-inducing potential of arabinofuranosylcytosine in myeloid leukemia cells by hematopoietic cytokines. 846 21

We have investigated three aspects of nucleotide usage by the 26S proteasome and its regulatory complex (RC). Both particles hydrolyze the four major ribonucleotides, but ATP and CTP have substantially lower Kms for hydrolysis than do GTP and UTP. The Km for ATP hydrolysis is 15 microm for the 26S proteasome and 30 microm for the regulatory complex. Formation of the 26S proteasome from the RC and the 20S proteasome requires about 5 microm ATP. Although measurable degradation of Ubiquitin(Ub)-lysozyme conjugates occurs in the presence of CTP, GTP, and UTP, the best nucleotide for Ub-conjugate degradation by the 26S proteasome is ATP, with an estimated Km of 12 microm. In summary, our studies show that micromolar concentrations of ATP are sufficient for several 26S proteasome activities.
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PMID:Effects of nucleotides on assembly of the 26S proteasome and degradation of ubiquitin conjugates. 922 75