Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A variety of degradative treatments have been used to investigate the nature of the structure and components of the cell walls of Escherichia coli B. The binding and localization of the endotoxin-like particles found on the cell walls were of special interest because some of them are associated with the site where the inner tail tube of bacteriophage T4D penetrates the cell wall. Modified cell walls were obtained by heating a suspension of bacterial cells originally in 0.1 M phosphate, pH 7.0, after the addition of 12.5 M NaOH to a final concentration of 0.25 M. With regard to the endotoxin-like particles, it was found that: (i) at least part of them still remained bound to the modified cell wall after the alkali treatment; (ii) the subsequent incubation of alkali-treated cell walls with lysozyme destroyed the bacterial form and released a complex of endotoxin-like particles together with a fibrous material; (iii) on the other hand, treatment with 45% phenol at 70 degrees C removed the endotoxin-like particles from the surface of the alkali-treated cell walls, but most of the fibrous material was left on the cell wall; and (iv) incubation of alkali-treated cell walls with 5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 20 degrees C also removed the endotoxin-like particles, but did not disrupt the rodlike bacterial form. However, if the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment was performed at 55 degrees C, the bacterium-like form was destroyed. These differential sensitivities to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid suggested that loosely bound divalent metal ions normally hold these endotoxin-like particles on the cell wall surface, but that probably more tightly bound metal ions are involved in the determination of cell shape. Analysis of the protein components of the alkalitreated cell walls showed that only one protein was present in significant amounts, and this protein had an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the Braun lipoprotein. This protein was released from the alkali-treated cell walls upon heating with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 degrees C. Phospholipids were also absent from this structure. The distribution of the remaining cell wall components on the alkali-treated cell walls is discussed.
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PMID:Bacteriophage T4D receptor and the Escherichia coli cell wall structure: binding of endotoxin-like particles to the cell wall. 676 8

Bupleuri Radix is a commonly used medicinal plant in Kampo medicine, and its hot water extracts show mitogenic activity to murine lymphocytes. In this paper the mitogenic substances in the hot water extracts of Bupleuri Radix (Bup-HWE) were fractionated and characterized physicochemically and immunologically. Most of these substances were recovered from mol. wt of more than 200 kDA fraction (fr. C-13). Separation of fr. C-13 by phenol-water fractionation method gave water soluble and phenol soluble mitogenic substances. These substances showed the activity even in C3H/HeJ mice, and polymyxin B or lysozyme treatment did not abrogate the activity, suggesting that the active substances are not related to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Treatment of the mitogenic substances recovered from the phenol layer with NaCLO2, a polyphenol degrading chemical, significantly reduced the activity, but pronase and pectinase treatments were not effective. The mitogenic substances in the water layer were active even after NaCLO2 treatment. These findings suggested that the mitogenic substances of Bup-HWE are large molecular weight polyphenolic compounds and polysaccharide. The mitogenic substances are suggested to be B cell mitogens.
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PMID:Characterization of mitogenic substances in the hot water extracts of bupleuri radix. 749 96

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples was studied. The target DNA was a 123-base pair (bp) fragment of IS6110, which was repeated in the M.tuberculosis genome and was specific for the M.tuberculosis complex. Glass beads (2mm diameter) and lysozyme were used to lyse the mycobacteria and DNA was extracted by the phenol-extraction method. The amplified PCR product was detected by examination of ethidium-bromide-stained agarose gel and by hybridization with an oligonucleotide alkali-phosphatase-labeled probe. A total of 70 samples were tested. PCR was positive in all 13 smear and culture-positive samples, in 5 of 8 smear-negative and culture-positive samples, and in 1 of 49 smear and culture negative samples. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 98%, respectively. Thus, IS6110 as a PCR target was found to be very useful for the rapid diagnosis of M.tuberculosis infection and start of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy.
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PMID:Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputa by the amplification of IS6110. 749 67

The antioxidative properties of the aporphines boldine, glaucine and apomorphine, and of the benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines (+/-)-coclaurine and (+/-)-norarmepavine were compared in the brain homogenate autoxidation model. The IC50 values found lay in the 16-20 microM range for the aporphines and were 131.7 microM, and 79.3 microM for coclaurine and norarmepavine, respectively. These results indicate that the antioxidative capacity (AC) of these compounds is related to the presence of the biphenyl system rather than phenol groups. The non-phenolic glaucine inhibited the 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane)(AAP)-induced inactivation of lysozyme with an IC50 value of 12 microM, while the corresponding values for the phenolic coclaurine and norarmepavine were 10 and 20 microM, respectively. N-Methylation of glaucine to its quaternary ammonium reduced its protective effect by two-thirds. This result suggests that a benzylic hydrogen neighbouring a nitrogen lone electron pair may be the key to the protective effect of non-phenolic aporphines.
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PMID:Structure-antioxidative activity relationships in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. 759 52

Microgram quantities of rRNA were recovered from natural microbial communities in sediment, soil, and water with a lysozyme-hot phenol direct extraction method. Gel filtration with Sephadex G-75 spun columns readily removed humic-like contaminants without any measurable loss of rRNA and rendered RNA extracts of sufficient quality for molecular procedures.
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PMID:Direct extraction and purification of rRNA for ecological studies. 768 86

Cell wall antigens from Coxiella burnetti were extracted by heat, ultrasonication, phenol, SDS or sodium deoxycholate. These antigens were subsequently purified by gel-chromatography yielding molecular weights of 700 and 270 KD. Using gel-chromatographical purification of antigens extracted by heat, ultrasonication or phenol Coxiella antigens nearly devoid of contaminations could be obtained. Of these highly purified antigens heat extracted antigen was treated with proteases, lysozyme or metaperiodate exemplarily. These treatments did neither destroy nor change its antigenic activity, except for the treatment with metaperiodate reducing the antigenic activity significantly. In further experiments heat extracted and gel-chromatographically purified Coxiella antigen was used for testing bovine sera in ELISA.
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PMID:Purification of Coxiella burnetii antigen by gel-chromatography for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 812 3

All published primers and lysis methods were introduced and briefly reviewed herein. Many different polymerase chain reaction procedures were described for the detection of mycobacteria in sputum. Most of these published methods were not satisfactory to detect mycobacteria in clinical specimens. We established a sensitive method to extract mycobacterial DNA in the sputum. First, we treated sputum with Sputazyme, and then with lysozyme. Then mycobacterial DNA was extracted by phenol extraction, beads disruption, or alkaline SDS extraction method. This lysozyme pre-treatment marked increased the sensitivity of the PCR reaction.
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PMID:[Detection of mycobacterial DNA by polymerase chain reaction method]. 813 25

The study was carried out in 156 men, including 49 nonsmokers and 47 smokers who had never been exposed to chemicals, 19 nonsmokers exposed to organic solvents, and 41 smokers exposed to organic solvents. The results of toxicological analysis of air in the working place carried out in the range depending on the type of solvents used in the process of lacquering of steel cans and on the data obtained from the producer showed that the solvents contained benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives partly hydrogenated, paraffin hydrocarbons, oleins, naphthenes (components of painter's naphtha), monohydric and polyhydric alcohols (butanol, cyclohexanol, butyloglycol), esters (ethylglycol acetate, butyl acetate) and ketones (methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone). Measured benzene concentrations varied from 0 to 370 mg x m-3 (0 to 116 ppm), with arithmetic mean annual averages of about 100 mg x m-3 (31 ppm) in the late 1960's and less than 50 mg x m-3 (16 ppm) in the 1970's. In the 1980's values for the TWA were 0-38 mg x m-3 (0-12 ppm) with arithmetic mean averages of about 19 mg x m-3 (6 ppm) and for the level of benzene 0-351 mg x m-3 (0-110 ppm), with arithmetic mean annual averages of about 48 mg x m-3 (15 ppm). Phenol concentration in the urine of the workers in groups was 7.9 +/- 3.5; 10.0 +/- 5.8; 16.8 +/- 6.2 and 18.4 +/- 9.7 mg x 1(-1) respectively. Hippuric acid concentration in the urine of the workers in groups was 496 +/- 326, 538 +/- 341, 982 +/- 420 and 1107 +/- 507 mg x 1(-1) respectively. The parameters of immunity and proteins acute phase reaction were determined, measuring the count of T, B, and "non-T, non-B" circulating lymphocytes, the concentration of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, C3c, C4, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobulin and ceruloplasmin in serum. The results of the presented study suggest the role of cigarette smoking as a co-factor in the immunological changes brought out by occupational exposure to organic solvents. This phenomenon is reflected in the changes of IgA, IgD, IgG, IgM and lysozyme in the serum, and number of circulating T cells.
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PMID:The effect of cigarette smoking on the indexes of immunity and acute phase reaction in subjects with occupational exposure to organic solvents. 830 89

This study evaluated the Promega Magic Minipreps (MM) (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) DNA purification system for use in plasmid analysis of common nosocomial bacterial pathogens. The MM system is a kit that includes lysis solutions and buffers and incorporates a minicolumn of DNA binding resin for recovery of plasmid DNA. The MM system was used according to the manufacturer's directions to recover plasmids for agarose gel electrophoresis from clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. For Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus, lysozyme and lysostaphin, respectively, were used for pretreatment. Plasmid DNA from ten isolates could be recovered in approximately one hour with very little manipulation and no phenol/chloroform extractions and was suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion. Compared with a standard miniprep protocol, the MM system was much easier to perform and resulted in significant cost savings due to a 50% reduction in technologist time. The authors conclude that the MM system is a convenient and cost-effective method for clinical microbiology laboratories for recovering plasmid DNA from nosocomial bacterial pathogens.
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PMID:Evaluation of a commercial DNA purification system for plasmid analysis of nosocomial bacterial pathogens. 837 41

The lack of simple and efficient methods for extraction of DNA from Nocardia spp. has hampered molecular manipulation of the DNA for diagnostic purposes. In the present study, a method for the rapid extraction of undegraded genomic nocardial DNA was established. Briefly, 14 pathogenic Nocardia strains were grown at 37 degrees C for 3 to 5 days in Sauton broth containing 0.05% Tween 80. Subsequently, the cultures were treated for 48 h with 1.2 mg of cycloserine per ml (final concentration). Cells were then harvested by centrifugation and treated with a lysis solution containing 3 mg of lysozyme per ml. This was followed by the addition of proteinase K and sodium dodecyl sulfate to final concentrations of 0.2 mg/ml and 0.5%, respectively, and incubation for 1 h at 50 degrees C. DNA was precipitated with isopropanol after phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extractions and RNase treated before being quantitated and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The average undegraded DNA yields obtained were 101 micrograms for Nocardia brasiliensis and 121 micrograms for N. asteroides. This DNA was suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion and PCR amplification, which are methods being applied to the characterization and diagnosis of slowly growing organisms such as Nocardia spp.
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PMID:A rapid and gentle method for isolation of genomic DNA from pathogenic Nocardia spp. 887 44


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