Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An antiserum to human cathepsin G has been raised in sheep and its reactivity with human tissues has been tested. The indirect immunoperoxidase staining sequence was employed and was applied to routinely processed paraffin sections. Mature granulocytes, especially those of the neutrophil variety, were intensely and consistently stained. Activity was not observed in other cell or tissue types. Many of the cells of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia were strongly stained, in contrast to those of acute lymphoblastic or chronic lymphocytic leukemias. The results of the technique are compared with those described with staining for muramidase (lysozyme), alpha 1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, and naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase, and with certain monoclonal antisera directed against granulocyte determinants.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin G in human tissues. 391 78

The secretory proteins of the mucosa of the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes were investigated by measuring the proteins that were released by isolated mucosal areas. Initial screening disclosed that the immunoglobulins IgG and IgA were released in measurable quantities, but that IgM and the secretory (T) piece of IgA were either absent or present only in trace amounts. Relatively low levels of diffusable total complement activity and the C3 component of complement were present, whereas the C1q, C1r, and C4 components were either absent or present only in trace quantities. No neutral proteinase activity was present, but lysozyme, plasminogen activator, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and alpha 1x-antichymotrypsin could be found in reasonable amounts. The site of secretion, concentration, and cyclic variation of the proteins that diffused from the mucosal sites in measurable quantities were studied. The types and amounts of protein secreted by a particular site in the cervix, uterus, or fallopian tube varied from those of protein from other sites, even within the same organ. During the menstrual cycle, variations occurred in the amount of protein secreted by each mucosal site. However, whether an increase or a decrease in the release of a particular protein took place varied with each protein, even at the same site. The mucosal sites also differed from each other in their response to the phase of the menstrual cycle, that is, whether more or less protein was released, even sites within the same organ. The conclusion is that each organ and even different sites within an organ can respond independently from each other to changes in hormone levels, producing different types and amounts of secretory proteins. The amount of diffusable protein produced by an individual site during the menstrual cycle depends on the type of protein as well as the mucosal site.
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PMID:Diffusable proteins of the mucosa of the human cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes: distribution and variations during the menstrual cycle. 392 Sep 15

The activities of elastase, cathepsin G, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were determined by spectrophotometry in thirty-six patients with psoriatic lesions, twelve symptom-free patients with psoriasis and fifteen normal controls. The mean activities of cathepsin G, elastase and lysozyme were found to be increased by 55 to 70% in patients with actively spreading plaque lesions compared with healthy controls (P less than 0.01). Most patients with guttate lesions had total enzyme activities within the normal range. Those with stationary plaque psoriasis had activities of both neutral proteinases (cathepsin G and elastase) which were about 40% lower than normal controls (P less than 0.05). In the lesion-free psoriatics, the activities of neutral proteinases were about 70% of control values. Our findings emphasize the importance of assessment of disease activity in this sort of investigation. The present data may help to resolve much of the confusion regarding PMN function in psoriasis.
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PMID:Neutral proteinases and other neutrophil enzymes in psoriasis, and their relation to disease activity. 608 73

A human neutrophil protease, initially termed neutral peptide-generating protease, has been shown to cleave angiotensin II directly from angiotensinogen and has been identified as leukocyte cathepsin G. When purified neutrophils were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation and fractionated by differential centrifugation, 44 and 24% of the angiotensin II-generating activity was in the lysosomal and undisrupted cell fractions, respectively. Cytochalasin B-treated human neutrophils stimulated with N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine released beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and angiotensin II-generating protease in a dose-dependent fashion, consistent with localization of this protease to the neutrophil granule. Individually purified angiotensin II-generating protease and cathepsin G had similar proteolytic and esterolytic activity for angiotensinogen and N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester on a weight basis, exhibited identical mobilities by SDS-gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and pH 4.3 disc-gel electrophoresis, and gave precipitin lines of antigenic identity on Ouchterlony analysis with goat antibody to the angiotensin II-generating protease. Thus, the angiotensin II-generating protease of human neutrophils has been identified as cathepsin G on the basis of subcellular localization, substrate specificity, physicochemical characteristics, and antigenic identity.
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PMID:Identification of a human neutrophil angiotension II-generating protease as cathepsin G. 617 48

In a serological laboratory with a routine service for determining autoantibodies to human neutrophils, antibodies giving a selective or preferential reaction with the nucleus or perinuclear area of neutrophils are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to look for clinical correlates with the presence of such neutrophil-reactive autoantibodies. The specificity of such antibodies for nuclear or cytoplasmic antigens was studied in 65 consecutive sera displaying nuclear/perinuclear reactivity at a titre of at least 80 using the indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIF) on ethanol-fixed leucocytes. The sera were also investigated by IIF on formalin-acetone fixed leucocytes and on HEp-2 cells. ELISA techniques were used to measure antibodies to azurophil granule constituents (ANCA), purified myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA), and lactoferrin (LF-ANCA). Furthermore a qualitative spot immunoassay was used for the detection of antibodies to alpha, beta, and gamma fractions, and the nuclear fraction of neutrophils, purified proteinase 3 (PR3), MPO, enolase, lysozyme, elastase, lactoferrin, and cathepsin G. The diagnoses linked to such GS-ANA/pANCA positivity were arthritides, vasculitides, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic hepatic conditions. MPO was the main antigen recognized in the vasculitis group, but apart from that, rather limited antigen reactivity was demonstrable by these techniques, lysozyme being the most frequently recognized autoantigen in patients with arthritides. Human lymphocytes served as a suitable control substrate when distinguishing between GS-ANA/pANCA and ANA, whereas HEp-2 cells usually could not be used if both classes of antibodies were present in a sample. Furthermore, formalin-acetone fixation is not recommended for routine use.
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PMID:Clinical correlates and substrate specificities of antibodies exhibiting neutrophil nuclear reactivity--a methodological study. 749 88

Three human monocytic cell lines, U-937, THP-1 and Mono Mac 6 have, because of their morphology and staining properties, been classed as cell lines frozen in a window of the monocyte differentiation lineage corresponding to monoblasts and/or immature monocytes. These cell lines were analyzed for expression of a panel of hematopoietic differentiation markers by Northern blot analysis. They were all found to express one or several biochemical markers characteristic of immature cells in monocytic development, including myeloperoxidase, N-elastase, cathepsin G, myeloblastin, and azurocidin. Normal peripheral blood monocytes did not express these markers. Moreover, several markers expressed at high levels in mature monocytes, such as lysozyme, CD14, MHC class II and alpha-1 antitrypsin were either not expressed or were expressed only at low levels in the three cell lines analyzed. These results show that arrested differentiation at a relatively early stage of monoblast development is a common denominator for these human monocytic cell lines. Thus, transforming mutations acting at such an immature differentiation stage may frequently lead to neoplastic transformation, whereas similar mutations occurring at a more mature differentiation stage never give rise to any leukemias due to the loss of proliferative potential in committed cells.
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PMID:Human cell lines U-937, THP-1 and Mono Mac 6 represent relatively immature cells of the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage. 809 34

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are antibodies directed against enzymes that are found mainly within the azurophil or primary granules of neutrophils. There are 3 types of ANCA that can be distinguished by the patterns they produce by indirect immunofluorescence when tested on normal ethanol-fixed neutrophils. Diffuse fine granular cytoplasmic fluorescence (cANCA) is typically found in Wegener's granulomatosis, in some cases of microscopic polyarteritis and Churg Strauss syndrome, and in some cases of crescentic and segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis, but it is rare in other conditions. The target antigen is usually proteinase 3. Perinuclear fluorescence (pANCA) is found in many cases of microscopic polyarteritis and in other cases of crescentic and segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis. These antibodies are often directed against myeloperoxidase but other targets include elastase, cathepsin G, lactoferrin, lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase. The third group designated "atypical" ANCA includes neutrophil nuclear fluorescence and some unusual cytoplasmic patterns, and while a few of the target antigens are shared with pANCA, the others have not been identified. Sera that produce a pANCA or atypical ANCA pattern on alcohol-fixed neutrophils result in cytoplasmic fluorescence when formalin acetone fixation is used. pANCA or atypical ANCA occur in about 2/3 of all individuals with ulcerative colitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, and they are found in a third of patients with Crohn's disease. The reported incidence of ANCA in rheumatoid arthritis and SLE varies considerably but the patterns are predominantly pANCA and atypical ANCA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA): their detection and significance: report from workshops. 809 May 92

Airway inflammation is often associated with the infiltration of activated neutrophils and subsequent protease release. Although aiding in the digestion and phagocytosis of foreign proteins and microorganisms, neutrophil proteases can indiscriminately damage healthy lung tissue. In the conducting airway, proteases, particularly neutrophil elastase, are counter-balanced by several antiproteases, including secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI). SLPI can be produced locally by a number of cells including the airway epithelial cell. To examine the effects of neutrophil granule components on SLPI transcript levels, airway epithelial cells were treated (up to 96 h) with elastase, other proteases, or enzymes isolated from human sputum. We found that neutrophil elastase increased SLPI transcript levels in primary and transformed human airway epithelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Other neutrophil products, such as cathepsin G, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme, had little or no effect on SLPI transcript levels. However, two nonneutrophil proteases, trypsin and pancreatic elastase, also increased SLPI transcript levels at higher doses than that required of neutrophil elastase. Two inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8, produced little or no effect on SLPI transcript levels. This study demonstrates one way in which SLPI is regulated, via a protease that it inhibits, neutrophil elastase.
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PMID:Neutrophil elastase increases secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor transcript levels in airway epithelial cells. 810 97

The granule proteins are among the most abundant and characteristic proteins of myeloid cells. They are essential for the antimicrobial activity of these cells and they provide important markers for the differentiation stage of the myeloid series and for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) there is high production of myeloperoxidase, and its cytochemical detection as well as the t(15;17) chromosomal translocation are important markers in the diagnosis of this acute myelogenous disease. The expression of other granule protein genes in APL has not been systematically determined. We have used the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to determine the pattern of expression of granule protein genes at the mRNA level in APL cells. We have examined the expression of the primary granule proteins defensin, myeloperoxidase, elastase, and cathepsin G; the secondary granule proteins lactoferrin, collagenase, and transcobalamin; as well as lysozyme, a protein reportedly found in both primary and secondary granules. mRNAs for all of these granule proteins were present in normal bone marrow mononuclear cells. We found that APL cells from three patients contain, in addition to myeloperoxidase mRNA, mRNAs for elastase, cathepsin G, and lysozyme. One patient had faint but detectable lactoferrin mRNA signal, but collagenase and transcobalamin mRNAs were not detectable in this patient. Defensin mRNA was found in one of the three APL patients, and all the primary granule protein mRNAs measured were found to be expressed in the APL cell line NB4. None of the secondary granule protein mRNAs measured were detectable in NB4 cells. After treatment with retinoic acid (RA), which induces neutrophil maturation of these cells, weak induction of lactoferrin and collagenase but not transcobalamin was observed. However, in view of the weak transcobalamin signal observed in normal bone marrow, the absence of transcobalamin in RA-induced NB4 cells must be interpreted with caution. Interestingly, elastase and cathepsin G mRNA disappeared after RA induction, whereas defensin and myeloperoxidase mRNAs remained present. These findings indicate that granule protein mRNAs are regulated separately and differently, and that only minimal expression of secondary granule protein genes can occur in APL cells.
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PMID:Expression of granule protein mRNAs in acute promyelocytic leukemia. 811 51

Microbiostatic mechanisms may contribute substantially to host defense against infection by certain microbes. We studied the candidastatic activity of human neutrophils, neutrophil cytosol, and neutrophil-derived "calprotectin," a cytosolic protein complex comprised of two subunits, MRP8 and MRP14. Intact neutrophils, neutrophil lysates (prepared by ultrasonic disruption, freezing and thawing, or nonionic detergent extraction), and granule-depleted neutrophil cytosol were effective in restricting the growth of Candida albicans in a nutrient-rich tissue culture medium, RPMI 1640. Neither a subcellular fraction enriched in neutrophil granules nor selected purified granule components (lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, leukocyte elastase, lysozyme, and defensins) exerted candidastatic activity in this medium. Gel filtration liquid chromatography, anion exchange FPLC, and SDS-PAGE showed that the fungistatic factor in neutrophil cytosol was associated with the calprotectin complex. Its antifungal effects included restriction of yeast phase and mycelial growth and inhibition of glucose incorporation by yeast phase cultures. The antifungal effects of calprotectin were sustained for over 120 h and were inhibited by zinc. However, studies with 65Zn-enriched RPMI suggested that the candidastatic effects of calprotectin were not mediated by sequestration or binding of zinc. After reversed phase HPLC, calprotectin fractions containing MRP14 exhibited fungistatic activity, whereas fractions depleted of MRP14 but enriched for MRP8 lacked fungistatic activity. The results support a potentially significant role for the calprotectin complex of neutrophil cytosol in antifungal defense and suggest that MRP14 is of key importance in that activity.
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PMID:In vitro candidastatic properties of the human neutrophil calprotectin complex. 824 68


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