Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied tissue transglutaminase (TGase) expression in human myelomonocytic leukemia cells treated by combinations of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD). We found that in U937 cells, as in HL-60 and THP-1 cells, RA alone caused an early induction of enzyme activity, correlated with increased mRNA expression. VD alone also induced rapid TGase mRNA expression but in this case TGase enzymatic activity was not measurable until 96 h following onset of treatment. Combinations of both agents had no additional effects over those of RA alone on HL-60 cells, THP-1, and U937 cells during the first 48 h. However, following further incubation, U937 cells expressed increased levels of TGase when treated by both agents. By many criteria, including their sensitivity to various inducers of oxidative burst, lipopolysaccharide-induced production of monokines and in the present work, lysozyme secretion and TGase expression, U937 cells exposed to combinations of RA and VD exhibit a behavior different from those of HL-60 and THP-1 cells. They represent a type of leukemia cell amenable by this treatment to a stage close to that of a terminally differentiated macrophage.
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PMID:Differentiation of U937 myelomonocytic cell line by all-trans retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synergistic effects on tissue transglutaminase. 756 22

The active form of vitamin D, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3), inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation of leukemia cells, but its clinical use is limited by the adverse effect of hypercalcemia. In this study we found that the loop diuretic ethacrynic acid, which is used to treat hypercalcemia, enhanced the differentiation of human leukemia cells induced by VD3. Ethacrynic acid alone inhibited the proliferation of human promyelocytic HL-60 cells while only slightly increasing differentiation markers such as nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reducing and lysozyme activities. Ethacrynic acid effectively enhanced the growth-inhibiting action of VD3. In the presence of ethacrynic acid, VD3 increased the NBT-reducing and lysozyme activities and the CD11b expression of HL-60 cells more effectively than VD3 alone. Other loop diuretics, furosemide and bumetanide, also enhanced the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by VD3, but to a lesser extent than ethacrynic acid. The differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide or phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate was also enhanced by ethacrynic acid with increasing NBT-reducing and lysozyme activities and the expression of CD11b or CD14 surface antigen. Morphologically, ethacrynic acid enhanced the monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by VD3 and phorbol ester and the granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide. Other human myelomonocytic leukemia ML-1, U937, P39/TSU and P31/FUJ cells were induced to differentiate by VD3 and this was also enhanced by ethacrynic acid. The long-term culture of HL-60 cells showed that ethacrynic acid plus VD3 induced the complete growth arrest of HL-60 cells. Therefore ethacrynic acid, which is used to treat hypercalcemia, enhanced the proliferation-inhibiting and differentiation-inducing activities of VD3 and the combination of ethacrynic acid and VD3 may be useful in therapy for myeloid leukemia.
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PMID:Ethacrynic acid and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperatively inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. 894 89

The MLL gene is fused with the cAMP-responsive element binding protein-binding protein (CBP) gene in t(11;16)(q23;p13), which has been reported to be associated with therapy-related acute leukemia. We established a novel myeloid cell line, SN-1, from a patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(11;16)(q23;p13) having in-frame MLL-CBP fusion transcripts. The majority of the SN-1 cells were positive for myeloperoxidase when examined using an electron microscope and expressed CD13, CD33, CD56, and HLA-DR antigens, but not CD7, CD10, CD19, CD34, or CD41 antigens, suggesting that these cells are of myeloid origin. SN-1 cells underwent functional and morphological differentiation when treated with actinomycin D or sodium butyrate, but not with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3). Exposure of SN-1 cells to ATRA hardly affected cell growth and differentiation, whereas the growth of HL-60 and NB4 cells treated with ATRA was effectively inhibited, and differentiation into mature granulocytes was induced. SN-1 cells were relatively insensitive to VD3 with respect to inhibiting the cell growth and inducing the ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium, lysozyme activity, and morphological differentiation, although the expression of CD11b was slightly induced by VD3. These results suggest that the cell line was impaired in the signal transduction systems of ATRA and VD3. This cell line should be useful for the study of the role of CBP as a transcriptional regulator in leukemia differentiation and for the functional analysis of the MLL-CBP fusion gene, which will provide new insights into leukemogenesis caused by 11q23 translocations.
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PMID:SN-1, a novel leukemic cell line with t(11;16)(q23;p13): myeloid characteristics and resistance to retinoids and vitamin D3. 1070 36

A variety of molecular gradients of alkanethiols with the structure HS-(CH(2))(m)-X (m = 15; X = COOH, CH(2)NH(2), or CH(3)) and oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiols with the structures HS-(CH(2))(15)-CO-NH-Eg(n) (n = 2, 4, or 6), HS-(CH(2))(15)-CO-NH-Eg(2)-(CH(2))(2)-NH-CO-(CH(2))(4)-biotin, and HS-(CH(2))(15)-CO-NH-Eg(6)-CH(2)-COOH were prepared on polycrystalline gold films. These gradients were designed to serve as model surfaces for fundamental studies of protein adsorption and immobilization phenomena. Ellipsometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, operating in scanning mode, were used to monitor the layer composition, gradient profiles, tail group conformation, and overall structural quality of the gradient assemblies. The gradient profiles were found to be 4-10 mm wide, and they increased in width with increasing difference in molecular complexity between the thiols used to form the gradient. The oligo(ethylene glycol) thiols are particularly interesting because they can be used to prepare so-called conformational gradients, that is, gradients that display a variation in oligo(ethylene glycol) chain conformation from all trans on the extreme Eg(2,4) sides, via an amorphous-like phase in the mixing regimes, to helical at the extreme Eg(6) sides. We demonstrate herein a series of experiments where the above gradients are used to evaluate nonspecific binding of the plasma protein fibrinogen, and in agreement with previous studies, the highest amounts of nonspecifically bound fibrinogen were observed on all-trans monolayers, that is, on the extreme Eg(2,4) sides. Moreover, gradients between Eg(2) and a biotinylated analogue have been prepared to optimize the conditions for the immobilization of streptavidin. Ellipsometry and infrared spectroscopy reveal high levels of immobilization over a fairly broad range of compositions in the gradient regime, with a maximum between 50 and 60% of the biotinylated analogue in the monolayer. A pI gradient composed of (NH(3)(+)/COO(-))-terminated thiols was also prepared and evaluated with respect to its ability to separate differently charged proteins, pepsin, and lysozyme, on a solid surface.
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PMID:Molecular gradients: an efficient approach for optimizing the surface properties of biomaterials and biochips. 1566 87

Microbial carotenoids are difficult to extract because of their embedding into a compact matrix and prominent sensitivity to degradation. Especially for carotenoid analysis of bacteria and yeasts, there is lack of information about capability, precision and recovery of the method used. Accordingly, we investigated feasibility, throughput and validity of a new small-scale method using Micrococcus luteus and Rhodotorula glutinis for testing purposes. For disintegration and extraction, we combined primarily mild techniques: enzymatically we used combinations of lysozyme and lipase for bacteria as well as lyticase and lipase for yeasts. Additional mechanical treatment included sonication and freeze-thawing cycles. Chemical treatment with dimethylsulfoxide was applied for yeasts only. For extraction we used a methanol-chloroform mixture stabilized efficiently with butylated hydroxytoluene and alpha-tocopherol. Separation of compounds was achieved with HPLC, applying a binary methanol/tert-butyl methyl ether gradient on a polymer reversed C30 phase. Substances of interest were detected and identified applying a photodiode-array (PDA) and carotenoids quantitated as all-trans-beta-carotene equivalents. For evaluation of recovery and reproducibility of the extraction method, we used beta-8'-apo-carotenal as internal standard. The method provides a sensitive tool for the determination of carotenoids from bacteria and yeasts and also for small changes in carotenoid spectrum of a single species. Corequisite large experiments are facilitated by the high throughput of the method.
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PMID:A small-scale method for quantitation of carotenoids in bacteria and yeasts. 1750 7

The g-type lysozyme is a key protein of the innate immune system to fight bacterial infections. In this study we cloned and characterized the gene encoding for g-type lysozyme in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). The deduced amino acid sequence comprised 195 residues containing the three conserved catalytic residues and two cysteines. A BAC analysis revealed that the gene is structured in 5 exons and 4 introns. Also, two polyadenylation signals that generate two cDNAs differing in 3'-UTR length were detected. Promoter analysis showed the presence of the main cis-acting elements involved in the transcriptional regulation of the gene. At genomic level, the g-type lysozyme was associated with mucolipin 1 and the peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 conforming a cluster of antidefensive genes with a well-conserved synteny across Percomorpha. FISH analysis using the BAC clone revealed a single hybridization signal located in an acrocentric chromosome pair. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the g-type lysozyme represents a complex group in fish that has been shaped by gene duplications and diversification with several positions under Darwinian selection. Expression analysis in juvenile tissues indicated that transcript levels were higher in gills, spleen and heart. During development, gene expression activated just at the beginning of metamorphosis, increasing progressively until climax. Hormonal treatments demonstrated that this gene was regulated positively by thyroid hormones during development and negatively by dexamethasone. In contrast, no response was observed after all-trans retinoic acid or 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde treatments. Finally, treatments using lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, zymosan and poly(I:C) activated gene expression in a time- and tissue-specific manner. Taken together, data indicate that g-type lysozyme is a high evolutionary conserved gene that diversified to adapt to changing environment and pathogen conditions. Gene expression can be activated by diverse pathogen stimuli and modulated by physiological factors with important consequences for the aquaculture of this species.
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PMID:Genomic characterization, phylogeny and gene regulation of g-type lysozyme in sole (Solea senegalensis). 2190 80