Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The constantly increasing number of substances with adjuvant activity outpaces the elucidation of their mode of action. This problem is of great importance as the immunomodulatory action of an adjuvant is time- and route-dependent, which implies that administration at a different moment or site may result in a reduced immune response. In the present work the possibility to achieve dual effect (stimulatory or inhibitory) is regarded in the light of the complement system. The object of the study is a preparation obtained by lysozyme digestion of Nocardia opaca cell walls (NLD). According to the results, the administration of NLD to mice (i.p. at a daily dose of 0.5 mg kg-1) during 3 days prior to the antigen resulted in an inhibition of serum antibody level against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At the same time, the preparation stimulated the antibody response to SRBC if it was applied after the antigen. The ability of NLD to ensure protection against experimental infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae was comparatively studied in complement-normal mice (strain ICR) and in C5-deficient mice (strain DBA/2). Firstly, it was established that complement-deficient mice were more resistant to infection than complement-normal. Secondly, the preparation expressed a protective effect in C5-deficient animals; nevertheless the inoculation was done s.c. or i.v. The departure of the infection depended on the rate of opsonization of K. pneumoniae. Under certain conditions NLD can provoke excessive C3 activation, which might aggravate the course of the infection. The preparation augmented the host response to second challenge with K. pneumoniae of complement-normal and C5-deficient mice.
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PMID:Immunomodulatory properties of Nocardia lysozyme digest (NLD) in complement normal and C5-deficient mice. 968 84

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), an agent with interesting immune stimulatory and anti-tumor activity, was investigated for its capacity to activate anti-tumor activity in murine macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Direct macrophage activation was seen under a variety of experimental conditions using two different strains of NDV, different sources of macrophages (spleen and peritoneum) and different strains of mice (DBA/2, C57BL/6, 615). Various macrophage enzymes (ADA, iNOS, lysozyme, acid phosphatase) became upregulated and anti-tumor effector molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha were found in the supernatant. NDV activated macrophages performed anti-tumor activity in vitro such as anti-tumor cytostasis and anti-tumor cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic anti-tumor activity was broad and active against all tumor lines tested including mammary carcinoma, lung carcinoma, mastocytoma and immune escape variants (lymphoma). Macrophage activation via BCG/LPS also caused a broad range anti-tumor cytotoxic activity while activation via mixed lymphocyte culture conditioned medium had restricted anti-tumor activity. Anti-tumor activity of NDV activated macrophages could be transfered in vivo. Transfer of macrophages which had not been appropriately activated exerted either no effect or a tumor growth augmenting effect. Repeated intravenous transfer of NDV activated macrophages exerted a significant suppressive effect on pulmonary metastases in a mammary carcinoma tumor model as well as in a lung carcinoma model. Taken together these results demonstrate that NDV can strongly activate macrophages to perform anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:Newcastle disease virus activates macrophages for anti-tumor activity. 1063 82

Candida albicans, as an opportunistic pathogen, causes therapeutic problems in immunocompetent individuals and frequently it initiates severe infections in immunocompromised hosts. The application of a lysozyme digest preparation from the cell walls of Nocardia opaca (Nocardia lysozyme digest; NLD), recently classified as Rhodococcus opacus, has a protective effect in intravenous (i.v.) C. albicans infections in inbred ICR mice which have normal complement production. It also significantly reduces i.v. and intraperitoneal (i.p.) infections in DBA/2 mice which are deficient in C5 complement component. A significant decrease in C. albicans recovery from kidneys was found in NLD-treated DBA/2 animals. The preparation enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity to the yeast cells in both mouse strains. C. albicans-induced popliteal lymph node reactions were increased in ICR mice. In addition, mouse splenocytes that had been inhibited in their proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin had this response restored after exposure to the preparation. NLD decreased the sensitivity of both mouse strains to a second challenge with the pathogen. The preparation restored the impaired host response to C. albicans infection in ICR mice treated with cobra venom and cyclophosphamide.
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PMID:Protective effect of Nocardia opaca lysozyme digest in experimental murine Candida albicans infections. 1134 72

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) can be induced in DBA/1J mice by immunization with bovine type II collagen (bCII) and is a model of some types of human autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis. In this study we examined whether preimmunization of the mice with various antigens could inhibit the development of CIA. Preimmunization of the mice with an extract of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (mite antigen), chicken ovalbumin, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin strongly inhibited CIA development, but hen egg lysozyme, beta-lactoglobulin from bovine milk or myelin basic protein from guinea pig brain did not substantially affect CIA development. Splenic T cells and serum antibodies specific for mite antigen did not cross-react with bCII. Preimmunization of the mice with mite antigen did not affect the IFN-gamma and proliferative response of splenic T cells to bCII, nor serum antibody responses. The most inhibitory constituent had a molecular weight between 1,000 and 10,000.
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PMID:Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice by preimmunization with house dust mite extract. 1144 Jan 18

Previous studies have shown that stereocomplexed hydrogels are rapidly formed in situ by mixing aqueous solutions of eight-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lactide) and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D-lactide) star block copolymers (denoted as PEG-(PLLA)(8) and PEG-(PDLA)(8), respectively). In this study, in vitro and in vivo protein release from stereocomplexed hydrogels was investigated. These hydrogels were fully degradable under physiological conditions. Proteins could be easily loaded into the stereocomplexed hydrogels by mixing protein containing aqueous solutions of PEG-(PLLA)(8) and PEG-(PDLA)(8) copolymers. The release of the relatively small protein lysozyme (d(h)=4.1 nm) followed first order kinetics and approximately 90% was released in 10 days. Bacteria lysis experiments showed that the released lysozyme had retained its activity. The relatively large protein IgG (d(h)=10.7 nm) could be released from stereocomplexed hydrogels with nearly zero order kinetics, wherein up to 50% was released in 16 days. The in vitro release of the therapeutic protein rhIL-2 from stereocomplexed hydrogels also showed nearly zero order kinetics, wherein up to 45% was released in 7 days. The therapeutic efficacy of stereocomplexed hydrogels loaded with 1x10(6) IU of rhIL-2 was studied using SL2-lymphoma bearing DBA/2 mice. The PEG-(PLLA)(8)/PEG-(PDLA)(8)/rhIL-2 mixture could be easily injected intratumorally. The released rhIL-2 was therapeutically effective as the tumor size was reduced and the cure rate was 30%, whereas no therapeutic effect was achieved when no rhIL-2 was given. However, the cure rate of rhIL-2 loaded stereocomplexed hydrogels was lower, though not statistically significant, compared to that of a single injection with 1x10(6) IU of free rhIL-2 at the start of the therapy (cure rate=70%). The therapeutic effect of rhIL-2 loaded stereocomplexed hydrogels was retarded for approximately 1-2 weeks compared to free rhIL-2, most likely due to a slow, constant release of rhIL-2 from the hydrogels.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo protein delivery from in situ forming poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) hydrogels. 1747 60

We used DNA microarrays to identify panels of transcriptional markers of aging that are differentially expressed in young (5 month) and old (25 month) mice of multiple inbred strains (129sv, BALB/c, CBA, DBA, B6, C3H and B6C3F(1)). In the heart, age-related changes of five genes were studied throughout the mouse lifespan: complement component 4, chemokine ligand 14, component of Sp100-rs, phenylalanine hydroxylase and src family associated phosphoprotein 2. A similar analysis in the brain (cerebellum) involved complement component 1q (alpha polypeptide), complement component 4, P lysozyme structural, glial fibrillary acidic protein and cathepsin S. Caloric restriction (CR) inhibited age-related expression of these genes in both tissues. Parametric analysis of gene set enrichment identified several biological processes that are induced with aging in multiple mouse strains. We also tested the ability of dietary antioxidants to oppose these transcriptional markers of aging. Lycopene, resveratrol, acetyl-l-carnitine and tempol were as effective as CR in the heart, and alpha-lipoic acid and coenzyme Q(10) were as effective as CR in the cerebellum. These findings suggest that transcriptional biomarkers of aging in mice can be used to estimate the efficacy of aging interventions on a tissue-specific basis.
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PMID:Gene expression profiling of aging in multiple mouse strains: identification of aging biomarkers and impact of dietary antioxidants. 1955 70


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