Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biocompatibility is redefined as the quality of being mutually tolerant with life. In so far as this represents a quality which is as likely to be achieved as is the alchemist's dream of turning lead into gold, a compromise approach is recommended. It is suggested that all extracorporeal or body invasive procedures stimulate the inflammatory defence mechanism of the body by stimulating the monocyte to produce a family of polypeptides currently known collectively as Interleukin-1 (IL-1). So far two dissimilar gene products have been cloned and there are probably more. The IL-1 group of polypeptides possess hormonal functions which orchestrate nearly every instrument of the body's defence system. Inducers of IL-1 are present in dialysate and induce bacterial pyrogen and acetate. In addition bacterial cell wall glycoprotein may be cleaved into muramyl peptides by the release of granulocyte lysozyme at the membrane interface. Muramyl dipeptides have been found in CAPD drain fluid and are more potent inducers of IL-1 than endotoxin. Membrane activation of the fifth component of the complement with the release of C5a will also induce monocytes to produce IL-1. The consequences of repeated stimulation of the acute phase response are undesirable and may include muscle wasting, osteopenia and bone cysts (Shrinking man syndrome), fibrosis of scapulo-humeral joints and the carpal-tunnel syndrome. These latter lesions are often associated with deposition of amyloid fibrils related to beta 2-microglobulin. Efforts to reduce these complications are urgently required.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The relationship between biocompatibility and interleukin-1. 350 5

Formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissue from 24 cases of T-cell lymphoma diagnosed using immunocytochemistry on cryostat sections was examined using a panel of eight monoclonal and three polyclonal antisera. The monoclonal antibodies UCHL1 and MT1 proved to be comparable and reliable markers of neoplastic cells in T-cell lymphomas. The B-cell specific marker, MB1, strongly stained all cells in two cases of pleomorphic large cell T-cell lymphoma, large cells in two cases of pleomorphic mixed medium and large cell lymphoma, and isolated clusters of blast cells in four cases of T-zone and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma. The cells stained by MB1 expressed T suppressor/cytotoxic surface markers on frozen section. Epithelial membrane antigen, as detected by a polyclonal anti-EMA and the monoclonal antibody HMFG2, was expressed in 36% of tumours especially those of monomorphic large cell and pleomorphic large cell phenotype. Single granules or finely dispersed cytoplasmic granularity was seen in four tumours using the anti-granulocyte reagent Leu M1. Tumour cells in one case stained in a pattern identical to Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. Granular alpha-1-antitrypsin staining was found in 10 cases of pleomorphic large cell and monomorphic large cell lymphoma. No staining was observed using anti-lysozyme or the monoclonal macrophage specific marker Mac411. Monomorphic and pleomorphic large cell lymphomas tended to show a common immunophenotype with the majority of cells co-expressing alpha-1-antitrypsin HLA-DR and epithelial membrane antigen. Scattered large transformed blast cells in cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphomas and T-zone lymphomas shared a similar immunophenotype with the large cell lymphomas. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies effective in paraffin embedded tissue, diagnostically useful staining profiles which correlate with the morphological phenotype can be established in T-cell lymphomas.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical study of T-cell lymphomas using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies effective in routinely fixed wax embedded tissues. 354 52

The purpose of this experiment was to elucidate whether the effect of exogenous prolactin (PRL) on immunity parameters of White Leghorn chickens varies during the day. The experiment was carried out on cockerels kept after hatching during 6 weeks under L:D = 12:12 conditions. During 5 consecutive days cockerels were injected with bovine PRL (150 micrograms per bird daily) or its solvent at different time points, i.e., at 0, 4, 8 or 12 HALO (Hours After Light Onset). The birds were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection at the same time point when the injections were given. It was found that given at 4 HALO prolactin raised, whereas at 8 HALO it decreased the peripheral lymphocyte number. PRL had no effect on granulocyte number, natural anti-rabbit red blood cells (anti-RRBC) agglutinin titre and serum lysozyme activity. Administered at 0 and 12 HALO PRL tended to decrease the thymus and bursa of Fabricius weight. This different PRL effect on peripheral lymphocytes in chickens during the circadian period may be one of the causes of varying effect of this hormone on immunity (stimulatory or suppressive) described in literature. The role of PRL in regulation of immunity is discussed in relation to the possibility of PRL receptors occurrence on chickens lymphocytes.
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PMID:Daily variations in response of certain immunity indices to prolactin in White Leghorn chickens. 375 95

A paired prospective study was performed to compare the in vitro storage characteristics and in vivo kinetics of platelets stored in granulocyte-platelet concentrates prepared by apheresis with platelets prepared from whole blood. Platelet and granulocyte-platelet concentrates were collected from five healthy volunteer autologous donors and stored for 16 to 18 hours at 20 to 24 degrees C with and without agitation, respectively. After storage, pH, platelet count, percent release of beta-thromboglobulin, morphologic score, and percent osmotic recovery were measured. In addition, the granulocyte-platelet concentrates were assayed for total leukocyte count, release of lysozyme, and by several in vitro tests of granulocyte function. The platelets in both products were labeled with 111In oxine and infused into the donors. The pH of both products was above 6.0 at the end of storage. The units stored as platelet concentrates compared with those stored as granulocyte-platelet concentrates showed a higher percent release of beta-thromboglobulin, 18.4 +/- 4.0 percent versus 5.9 +/- 3.2 percent (mean +/- SD), but significantly better morphologic scores, 676 +/- 21 versus 525 +/- 56, and better osmotic recovery scores, 72 +/- 10 percent versus 40 +/- 7 percent, respectively (all p less than 0.05). The platelet concentrates (compared with the granulocyte-platelet product) had significantly better in vivo recovery, 49.5 +/- 15.8 percent versus 38.9 +/- 11.5 percent, and survival, 6.1 +/- 1.3 days versus 2.4 +/- 0.4 days, respectively (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:In vitro characteristics and in vivo viability of platelets contained in granulocyte-platelet apheresis concentrate. 381 Aug 9

The effect of gamma versus ethylene oxide sterilization of different dialyzers (polyacrylonitrile, cuprophan) and blood lines on plasma levels of granulocyte elastase and of lysozyme during hemodialysis was investigated in 17 chronically uremic patients. Plasma levels of granulocyte elastase increased during hemodialysis but significantly less in the presence of polyacrylonitrile compared with cuprophan membranes. In contrast, enhanced lysozyme plasma levels decreased during dialysis using the polyacrylonitrile dialyzer to values of healthy controls and remained unchanged using the cuprophan dialyzer. Both effects were not influenced by the way of sterilization. We conclude that granulocyte activation during hemodialysis occurs independently of the sterilization procedure of dialyzers and blood lines in patients showing no clinical signs of hypersensitivity.
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PMID:Effect of gamma radiation versus ethylene oxide sterilization of dialyzers and blood lines on plasma levels of granulocyte elastase in hemodialyzed patients. 385 7

A retrospective analysis of 30 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CrMML) was performed to define the natural history of the disease and the risk of acute transformation. Our patients fulfilled the following criteria of diagnosis: blood monocytosis over 1 X 10(9)/l, blast cell percentage in bone marrow up to 30, and in peripheral blood less than 5. The most common presenting feature was anemia; seven patients had fever; three patients complained of purpura and bleeding. Anysopoikilocytosis and macrocytosis were frequent. Abnormal granulocyte morphology, defective granulation and abnormal leukocyte alkaline phosphatase were often observed. Blast cells in peripheral blood smears were found in 14 patients. Serum and urine lysozyme levels were increased in 82 per cent and 93 per cent, respectively. Dysplastic changes involving erythroid, granulocytic and megakaryocytic lineages were constant features in all cases. Agranulated blasts above 5 per cent of marrow nucleated cells were seen in 13 patients (43 per cent). Seven of the 20 patients showed non-specific chromosomal abnormalities at diagnosis. Median survival from diagnosis was 18 months (range, 3-112). Evolution into acute myeloid leukemia occurred in 11 patients. No difference in survival was found between patients who developed acute leukemia and patients who did not. A shorter survival has correlated to the following parameters: leukocytes greater than 10 X 10(9)/l, the presence of blasts in peripheral blood and agranulated blasts in the marrow above 5 per cent.
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PMID:Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: clinical features, cytogenetics, and prognosis in 30 consecutive cases. 386 Apr 66

The relationship between psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is uncertain, as is the role of the neutrophil granulocyte in these conditions. In a previous comparative study of the rate of polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) phagocytosis of IgG- and IgG-C3b-coated particles, an increased uptake rate was found in both diseases. Further information on the in vivo activity of PMNs in these conditions may be obtainable by determining the level of lactoferrin (LF) in serum from such patients, since LF serves as a specific marker of the turnover and activity of the circulating pool of neutrophils. In this study on 19 patients with psoriasis and 20 patients with PPP, elevated levels of LF were found in both conditions. In contrast, the levels of lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin, which are markers of monocyte-macrophage and lymphocyte activity, respectively, were normal. This suggests the selective activation of neutrophils in these disorders. LF was significantly correlated (P less than 0.05 and 0.001, respectively) to the rates of phagocytosis of IgG- and IgG-C3b-coated particles, but not to the chemotaxis of isolated PMNs. There was no correlation between the severity of the disease and the levels of serum LF. The data suggest the increased in vivo activity of neutrophils in psoriasis and PPP.
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PMID:Increased in vivo secretory activity of neutrophil granulocytes in patients with psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis. 389 31

An antiserum to human cathepsin G has been raised in sheep and its reactivity with human tissues has been tested. The indirect immunoperoxidase staining sequence was employed and was applied to routinely processed paraffin sections. Mature granulocytes, especially those of the neutrophil variety, were intensely and consistently stained. Activity was not observed in other cell or tissue types. Many of the cells of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia were strongly stained, in contrast to those of acute lymphoblastic or chronic lymphocytic leukemias. The results of the technique are compared with those described with staining for muramidase (lysozyme), alpha 1-antitrypsin, leukocyte elastase, and naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase, and with certain monoclonal antisera directed against granulocyte determinants.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin G in human tissues. 391 78

We investigated the possibility that the functional impairment in neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis which occurs during granulocyte concentrate storage might be due to autotoxicity from the release of neutrophil granule contents during storage. Preliminary experiments confirmed that the exposure of fresh PMNs to the intracellular contents of disrupted PMNs, decreased the subsequent chemotaxis of the fresh PMNs by 63 +/- 5 percent compared to control PMNs (p less than .01). Freshly harvested neutrophils were stored at low (2 X 10(7) PMN/ml) or high cell concentration (8 X 10(7) PMN/ml) with or without 15 mM sodium bicarbonate (in order to maintain pH). Prior to storage, and 24 and 48 hours after storage at 22 to 24 degrees C, we measured the cell and unit plasma content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta-glucuronidase, and lysozyme. These enzymes served as markers for cell lysis, and primary and specific neutrophil granule contents, respectively. We also measured the effect on neutrophil chemotaxis of adding a protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), to the storage medium. In addition, we measured the ability of PMNs to degranulate in response to an inflammatory stimulus before and after storage. The cell content of granule markers was largely unchanged during storage, except in the case of the units at a concentration of 8 X 10(7) PMN per ml stored without bicarbonate. In these units, lysozyme activity decreased by 15 +/- 7 percent after 48 hours of storage (p less than 0.02 vs. fresh PMNs). Likewise, the plasma content of LDH, beta-glucuronidase, and lysozyme increased significantly during storage, especially in units of high cell concentration stored without bicarbonate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of storage on degranulation by human neutrophils. 398 10

Although a number of skin diseases are characterized by the presence of an increased number of phagocytes in their lesions, the effects of alcohol on phagocytic functions are not clearly understood. Therefore, we measured the influence of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the generation of oxygen radicals, chemotaxis and the release of lysosomal enzymes from human phagocytes. We added 0.03%-3% ethanol and 0.005%-0.25% acetaldehyde to cell cultures. We found that both ethanol and acetaldehyde suppressed the generation of oxygen radicals from granulocytes and monocytes; the ID50 was achieved at concentrations of approximately 0.25% for ethanol and 0.03% for acetaldehyde. A significant inhibition of granulocyte chemotaxis was first noted with 0.063% ethanol and 0.016% acetaldehyde. Ethanol and acetaldehyde inhibited the release of the lysozyme of monocytes at concentrations of greater than 0.75% and greater than 0.03% respectively, but granulocytes were unaffected; the release of beta-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase remained stable. Due to the high volatility of the agents, especially acetaldehyde, under the experimental procedures employed, the actual concentrations of the agents were probably lower and similar to those measured in vivo. Our results indicate that defined phagocytic functions are strongly inhibited by concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde which are associated with moderate to severe inebriation.
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PMID:Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on phagocytic functions. 398 69


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