Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.
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PMID:Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. 26 90

Clinical and epidemiologic data point to a causal interrelationship between nutritional deficiency and infectious illness. Both are major contributors to childhood morbidity and mortality, particularly in underprivileged population groups. Energy-protein undernutrition and deficiencies of iron, folates and pyridoxine, depress a variety of immunity functions. Delayed hypersensitivity and number of T lymphocytes are consistently reduced. In small-for-gestation low birth weight infants, cell-mediated immunity may remain depressed for several years. B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin levels and antibody responses are generally normal, but secretory IgA-antibody is reduced. Serum complement components are low and there is evidence of in vivo consumption of complement C 3. Neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi is intact but the next step of intracellular killing is impaired. There are changes also in the production of lysozyme and interferon. Infection per se results in nutrient losses, either actual or by sequestration, and produces immunosuppression. The correction of postnatal nutritional deficits and/or infection is associated with reversal of immunological functions to normal. The interplay of nutrition, immunity and infection, and its biological implications are described.
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PMID:Interactions of nutrition, infection and immune response. Immunocompetence in nutritional deficiency, methodological considerations and intervention strategies. 36 24

The influence of moderate malnutrition on immunoglobulins and enzymes in the sera and secretions of 71 Colombian children was studied. Concentrations of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, lysozyme, albumin, and aminopeptidase were measured in the sera, tears, and saliva of 27 normal, 32 grade I, 9 grade II, and 3 grade III malnourished children. The most severely malnourished children, grades II and III, had markedly reduced immunoglobulin A concentrations and elevated immunoglobulin G concentrations in tears. Immunoglobulin A levels in whole saliva were also reduced in these malnourished children. In contrast, the concentration of immunoglobulin A in the sera of these children was significantly elevated. There was no influence of malnutrition on levels of lysozyme, albumin, total protein, and aminopeptidase in tears or saliva. These results indicate that secretory immunity may be impaired in moderately malnourished children due to decreased levels of immunoglobulin A in secretions.
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PMID:Effect of moderate malnutrition on concentrations of immunoglobulins and enzymes in tears and saliva of young Colombian children. 93 Aug 66

Antimicrobial proteins in maternal and cord sera and sequential samples of human milk were studied in a group of 60 Chinese women to determine the degrees of passive immunity transferred from women of different nutritional status to their infants. Maternal malnutrition was characterized by low values for wt/ht2 and serum total protein and albumin. Maternal immunoglobulin (IgG) concentrations were not significantly different between well- and malnourished groups prepartum but were significantly different postpartum. Mean concentrations of cord IgG and lysozyme from well- and malnourished groups were not statistically different. During the first 7 d of lactation and most stages thereafter, mean concentrations of IgA; complements C3 and C4, and lysozyme in milk from the malnourished group were only half of those of the well-nourished group. Antimicrobial proteins transferred via milk to newborns may be influenced by the mother's nutritional status.
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PMID:Antimicrobial proteins of maternal and cord sera and human milk in relation to maternal nutritional status. 230 4

The tear lysozyme content in 111 normal subjects and in 159 patients with various conjunctival diseases was determined by a single radial immunodiffusion technique. Tear lysozyme level in normal people was 1.33/mg/ml. (SI conversion: mg/ml = g/l.) The mean tear lysozyme levels in patients with chronic irritative conjunctivitis (0.97 mg/ml) and nutritional deficiency with epithelial xerosis (0.76 mg/ml) were significantly lower than in the normal controls. The mean tear lysozyme levels in tears from patients with vernal conjuctivitis (1.20 mg/ml), phlyctenular conjunctivitis (1.10 mg/ml), and acute bacterial conjunctivitis (1.48 mg/ml) were not significantly different from those in the normal controls. Superimposition of acute bacterial conjunctivitis on trachoma did not alter the low tear lysozyme level that existed before in these patients.
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PMID:Immunoassay of tear lysozyme in conjunctival diseases. 681 19

Substances in colostrum and breast milk confer significant disease resistance to the breast-fed infant. The influence of maternal nutritional status on both immunological and nonimmunological milk factors was studied in a group of 23 Colombian women during the first 2 months of lactation. Maternal malnutrition was characterized by significantly lower weight/height ratio, creatinine/height index, total serum proteins, serum albumin, and serum IgG and IgA. The colostrum of malnourished mothers contained only one-third the normal concentration of immunoglobulin G and less than half the normal level of albumin. Significant reductions in colostrum levels of IgA and the fourth component of complement (C4) were also observed in the malnourished group. No differences were observed in colostral concentrations of lysozyme, C3 complement, or IgM. Titers of antibody in milk directed against respiratory syncytial virus were not influenced by maternal nutritional status. The differences noted above tended to disappear in mature milk, concomitant with improvement in the nutritional status of malnourished mothers during the first several weeks postpartum. We conclude that the protective qualities of colostrum and milk may be significantly influenced by maternal nutritional status.
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PMID:Effect of maternal nutritional status on immunological substances in human colostrum and milk. 683 95

Abnormalities of the immune response can be secondary to old age, to several pathologic conditions (i.e. diabetes mellitus, renal failure, solid and lymphohematologic neoplasias, leukopenia, malnutrition, autoimmune diseases, AIDS), to surgical stress or to burns, and to immunosuppressive therapies, both medical (corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, antilymphocytic globulins) and surgical (splenectomy) as well as radiant (extensive radiotherapy). Old age can affect both humoral (reduced antibody synthesis) and cell-mediated (thymus involution, diminished ratio Th/Ts, depression of both delayed hypersensitivity reactions and cytotoxic activity of K cells) immune response. Hyponutrition, often observed in the elderly, adds a reduced production of secretory IgA, lysozyme and interferon, diminished complementary activity, phagocytosis defects, and vitamin deficits. Furthermore, in some chronic diseases we can observe reduced primary antibody response or depression of delayed hypersensitivity reactions (renal failure, neoplasias), changes in leukocyte functions (diabetes mellitus, leukemias and lymphomas) and, in particular in solid neoplasias, increased activity of Ts lymphocytes and the presence of circulating immunocomplexes. Changes in phagocytosis, opsonization and chemotaxis are typically seen in burns, whereas surgical stress can cause some inhibition of cell-mediated immunity. Finally, after splenectomy it is possible to observe an increased synthesis of IgA and IgG and, on the contrary, reduced production of IgM and properdin.
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PMID:[Pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for producing a secondary immunodeficiency state]. 786 Dec 9

We tried to develop a new delayed healing model of an open wound made on the dorsal skin of a rat by inducing malnutrition with restriction of food intake. We determined the effects of a newly introduced ointment gauze containing 5% lysozyme hydrochloride (M-1011G) on this model. Malnutrition characterized by a decrease in body weight and serum protein was produced by restricting the daily intake of commercially available food to 6 g for 2 weeks without liver disturbance and thereafter maintained with food intake of 12 g/day. Under these conditions, healing of the open wound made on the dorsal skin was prolonged, as compared with that of the wound made on a well-nourished animal. In this model, statistical studies showed that M-1011G was the most effective in accelerating the reduction of the wound area and shortening of the time required for the complete healing, among the following treatments: sterilized gauze alone, ointment gauze alone and 5% lysozyme hydrochloride-containing emulsified ointment. Histological findings showed that M-1011G greatly accelerated the granulation of this tissue which is essential for wound healing, probably due to stimulation of epidermization and regenerated granulation in the wound.
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PMID:[Development of a new delayed healing model of an open skin wound and effects of M-1011G (ointment gauze containing 5% lysozyme hydrochloride) on the model]. 792 69

The composition of paraffin-stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva was compared between two groups of 8-12-year-old Indian children-one group with severe to moderate chronic protein-energy malnutrition (PEM group) and an age- and sex-matched control group with normal protein status or mild PEM. The classification of PEM was based on anthropometric measurements compared with Indian standards. Stimulated saliva was analyzed for the following variables: electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and PO4(3-)), total protein, hexosamines, fucose, sialic acid, and amylase. Unstimulated saliva samples were analyzed for total protein, salivary and myeloperoxidase, thiocyanate, lactoferrin, lysozyme, a bacteria-agglutinating protein (BAGP), total IgG, total IgA, and specific anti-S. mutans IgA. The results show that the PEM group had a reduced secretion rate of stimulated but not unstimulated saliva. Further, the Ca2+ and Cl- concentrations in stimulated saliva were significantly lower in the PEM group compared with the control group, but the other electrolyte levels were similar. No differences were found in total protein concentration or glycoprotein bound carbohydrates in stimulated saliva between the two groups, but the quantity of total protein secreted per min was reduced by 20% in the PEM group. Significantly lower levels of lactoferrin, BAGP, and anti-S mutans IgA were found in unstimulated saliva from children in the PEM group, but significantly higher levels of total IgG. We conclude that children with severe or moderate PEM, who have reduced secretion rate, buffer capacity, lower Ca2+, and protein secretion in stimulated saliva, also have impaired immunological and agglutinating defense factors in unstimulated saliva.
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PMID:Saliva composition in Indian children with chronic protein-energy malnutrition. 829 12

Intrauterine foetal growth retardation (IUGR) implies increased risk of morbidity and mortality of the newborn. Aetiology of intrauterine retardation is probably multifactorial and may include maternal infection, malnutrition, placental dysfunction, hypertension, toxaemia, smoking, professional and environmental exposure. The work concentrates on the lead, zinc and lysozyme levels in blood and placental tissues of 50 females in the IUGR group and 43 females from a control group. Statistically significant differences in zinc and lead levels between the compared group were found. The IUGR group had lower zinc and higher lead levels. A significant negative correlation of zinc and lead levels was observed. We found a statistically significant relationship between lead levels in placental tissues and the age of the pregnant women. Higher age is associated with higher lead levels in placental tissue, whereas zinc levels decrease. In placental tissues of pregnant females of the IUGR group higher lysozyme levels were found. On the basis of the discussed results the authors recommend zinc supplementation during the pregnancy.
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PMID:Relation between concentration of lead, zinc and lysozyme in placentas of women with intrauterine foetal growth retardation. 1008 21


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