Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To see whether urine enzyme activities could be used as an index in evaluating the disease status of leukemia patients, we examined the activities of four enzymes: arylsulfatases A(AS-A) and B(AS-B), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). AP and LDH showed no consistent patterns. The activities of AS-A and AS-B correlated well with the patient's clinical status, increasing during progression of disease and decreasing toward normal activities during responses to therapy, as judged from bone marrow cellularity and differential. Among 23 untreated patients with a histologic diagnosis of acute leukemia we found increased activities of the urine enzymes in these proportions: AS-A in 23 patients (100%), AS-B in 22 (95.7%), AP in 7 (30.4%), and LDH in 10 (43.5%). Five patients in remission from acute leukemia had normal activities for all four enzymes. In one patient in remission for more than one year, a rise in urinary arylsulfatase activity preceded observable bone marrow relapse by 4 months. Unlike that of serum of urine lysozyme and serum copper, the determination of urine arylsulfatase activities appears to be a consistent, useful indicator of response to antileukemic therapy. In contrast to the determination of polyamines, the quantitation of arylsulfatase activity is achieved with greater ease and with instrumentation available in most clinical laboratories.
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PMID:A noninvasive technique for monitoring response to chemotherapy in human acute leukemia. 3

Blood lysozyme estimation seems to be important in hematological practice. Serum levels are roughly proportional to the size of the pool and, above all, granulocytic renewal. Thus levels are increased compared with levels of circulating polynuclear cells. In bone marrow disorders, and particularly in myelofibrosis, owing to the infective granulopoiesis and/or increased destruction of the neutrophil polymorphs. It is lowered in neutropenia with a scanty bone marrow. It provides an important contribution to diagnosis of the type of acute leukemia, the fall in the lymphoblastic forms contrast with normal or increased levels in myeloblastic forms. Finally, there is a marked increase in lysosome urea in acute monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia.
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PMID:[Lysozyme in hematologic diseases]. 16 45

Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.
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PMID:Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. 26 90

Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from children with acute leukemia, malignant tumours, and in normal children. All children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) had significantly reduced levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the children fell within the normal range. Children with ALL in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal chidren, while children with ALL in relapse also had pathological low levels. Children with ALL in remission and off therapy also had normal levels of lysozyme. Children with acute myelogenous leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while children with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. Determination of serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia is of value both for diagnosis and for evaluating the effect of therapy.
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PMID:Serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia. 27 70

The diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in serum and urine was appreciated in 184 cases of acute leukemia. The levels were decreased in the lymphoblastic, mainly of the non B-non T type, and undifferenciated varieties, markedly raised in the monoblastic and myelo-monocytic varieties, while in the myeloblastic ones they were found normal, decreased or slightly increased, and, on the average, significantly higher in the well differenciated than in the poorly differenciated types. For a given cytological type, the level of lysozyme is not correlated with the frequency of the induction of complete remission. However, in the acute myeloblastic leukemia, a significantly higher frequency of infection during or after the induction treatment was observed in the cases presenting initially without a raised serum lysozyme level.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in acute leukemia (author's transl)]. 28 35

Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from adult patients with acute leukemia, malignant tumors, and in normal adults. Twenty-eight adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) had significantly elevated levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the adults fell within the normal range. Thirty-two patients with AML in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal adults, whereas patients with AML in relapse (eight cases) also had abnormally high levels of lysozyme activity. Ten patients with AML in remission and off therapy also had normal lysozyme levels. Three patients with acute lymphatic leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while one child with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. It seems that in patients in remission and with normal blood values, the serum lysozyme activity is valuable for monitoring the remission.
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PMID:The prognostic value of serum lysozyme activity in acute myelogenous leukemia. 28 68

In a consecutive series of 22 patients with acute leukemia, the total body potassium was studied in 18 patients on 39 occasions during relapse and remission. Total body water was also determined. A control group consisting of 88 age-matched healthy volunteers was also studied. The patients had a significantly lower mean potassium concentration, per kg body weight, per kg lean body mass and per kg water, than the controls (p less than 0.001). Individually, 11 out of the 18 patients had at least one value below the lower 95% confidence limit. Hypokalemia was frequent both in the patients with low (7/11) and normal (3/6) potassium per kg lean body mass. Five of 13 investigated patients showed laboratory indications of secondary hyperaldosteronism, which might be partly responsible for the hypokalemia. Increased serum or urine levels of lysozyme were found in 62% of the patients.
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PMID:Electrolytes and whole body potassium in acute leukemia. 29 Jan 29

The authors report on 16 cases of either subacute (SMML) or chronic (CMML) myelomonocytic leukemia as well as chronic monocytic leukemia (CMoL). All these cases were oligoblastic and, according to their clinical course, they could be termed as smouldering leukemias. The chronic types affected mainly males. The diagnostic cytomorphological and cytochemical criteria are discussed. Erythro- and thrombocytopoiesis were distinctly less impaired than in acute leukemias (AL). The leucocyte count in the peripheral blood of the SMML cases was within the normal range. Hepato- and splenomegaly were markedly increased as compared to AL. According to our materials leukemic skin infiltrations were less frequent in CMoL, CMML and SMML than in acute monocytic leukemias. In each of the three types of leukemia discussed monocytic leukemic cells could be readily identified by cytochemical tests and usually showed fairly normal maturation. In accordance with these observations lysozyme levels in urine and serum usually were strongly increased. The patients in the CMML and CMoL groups showed a mean survival of more than 13 months (2 out of 7 are still alive), whereas the SMML patients survived an average of 8 months. Deaths were frequently due to advanced age rather than to leukemia. In other cases a terminal accumulation of blasts marked a transition to acute leukemia. During the smouldering phase of the disease no beneficial effect of combined chemotherapy could be noted. Supportive and symptomatic therapy might improve length and quality of survival.
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PMID:[Subacute and chronic monocytic leukemia: diagnostic and clinical problems]. 29 89

Twelve cases of pure acute monocytic leukemia in adults were studied. They were selected on the basis of the morphology of the blast cells on Romanowsky-stained smears of blood and bone marrow, as well as positivity of the cells for the naphthol ASD acetate esterase reaction specifically inhibited by sodium fluoride. There was no sex predominance. Neoplastic involvement of the skin and/or gingiva was very frequent. The leukemic proliferation in blood and bone marrow consisted of monoblasts, promonocytes and monocytes. The peroxidase reaction was negative or only faintly positive. Serum and urinary lysozyme levels were increased. The blast cells retained their ability to stimulate, in vitro, colony formation by normal bone marrow cells used as targets. All of these characteristics permit specific identification of this type of acute leukemia. The prognosis is grim: only five of 12 patients achieved complete remission, and four of these five had relapses in less than 14 months; the median survival was five months.
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PMID:Pure acute monocytic leukemia. A study of 12 cases. 30 66

The classification of acute leukemia has almost invariably been based on the morphologic diagnosis into two broad categories: acute lymphocytic and acute myeloid leukemia. Despite the wide range of morphologic variation in both groups, strict criteria to define the subgroups have only recently been proposed. The conventional markers for B and T cells are now being applied to leukemic cells as are cytochemistry and electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, serum lysozyme, and surface markers, E-rosettes, membrane immunoglobulin, antinull acute lymphocytic leukemia antiserum, and Fc and C3 receptors. The myelodysplastic syndromes may mimic acute leukemia and it is important that they be identified and treated appropriately. The high incidence with which chronic myelomonocytic leukemia terminates in acute leukemia suggests that it is a preleukemic condition, whereas refractory anemia with excess blasts and acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia may have long, drawn-out courses. Only a small population of patients with the latter conditions develop acute leukemia.
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PMID:Classification of acute leukemia. 33 70


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