Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Actinomyces viscosus T14V is virulent (V) for monoinfected rats, causing periodontal disease and bone loss, whereas, A. viscosus T14AV, a mutant strain, is avirulent (AV). Surface antigens from the T14V and T14AV strains were prepared by lysozyme digestion of cell walls and were compared by immunodiffusion against antisera to T14V and T14AV whole cells. The V-associated antigen (V-antigen) was detected readily in the T14V, but not readily in the T14AV cell wall extract. Antiserum specific for the V-antigen was prepared by absorbing anti-A. viscosus T14V serum with cell walls from the T14AV strain. This antiserum was used in the indirect peroxidase-labeled antibody technique to localize the V-antigen on the bacterial cell surface at the ultrastructural level. With whole bacterial cells, the V-antigen was found on fine fibrils and was detected in both the T14V and T14AV strains. The presence of V-antigen on the AV strain was supported by the demonstration of antibodies against the V-antigen in anti-A. viscosus T14AV serum. Examination of isolated bacterial cell walls revealed a greater amount of fibrils and V-antigen on the T14V cell wall than on the T14AV cell wall. The data suggest that the presence of V-antigen represents a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference between the V and the AV strains of A. viscosus T14. Samples of human plaque were examined, and the V-antigen was found to be a specific marker for the fibril-containing layer of certain plaque bacteria, which are probably strains of A. viscosus or A. naeslundii.
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PMID:Identification of the virulence-associated antigen on the surface fibrils of Actinomyces viscosus T14. 62 93

Human supragingival dental plaque was collected from patients with various degrees of caries and periodontal disease. Plaque extracts, prepared in five different solutions (four varied from pH 1.8 to 12.7; one contained urea), were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and tested for amylase and lysozyme enzyme activity. Because no qualitative or quantitative advantages of using the extremes of pH or urea were observed, all subsequent extracts were prepared in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.3. Concentrated extracts were fractionated by gel filtration and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, molecular weight estimation, determination of enzymatic activities and amino acid and carbohydrate analyses. Regions of similarity among the gels were revealed by comparing the electrophoretic patterns of pooled plaque extract, normal serum and whole saliva. The elution pattern of pooled plaque extract from a standardized Sephadex G-200 column indicated the presence of both high and low molecular weight proteins that might have correlated with the components of normal serum and saliva. A predominant and dialyzable third fraction had no correlate in either serum or saliva. The small peptides in this fraction were subjected to amino acid, carbohydrate and peptide map analyses. The most abundant amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, leucine, lysine and serine. These small components contained no neutral or amino sugars. Pooled plaque extract and the small peptides exhibited similar peptide maps.
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PMID:Studies on human dental plaque. 1. Physical and chemical characteristics and enzyme activities of pooled plaque extracts. 80 55

The purpose of this study was to examine whether Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis fimbriae, an important structure involved in attachment of the bacteria to periodontal tissues, activate macrophages and subsequently induce gene expression and production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the cells. The fimbriae increased glucose consumption and lysozyme activity in BALB/c macrophages, both criteria of macrophage activation of peritoneal macrophages, in a dose-dependent fashion. A marked increase in the mRNA level of the c-myc gene, an oncogene, in the cells was observed after a 1-h treatment with the fimbriae, and the level decreased rapidly after 3 h. The fimbriae (4 micrograms of protein per ml) markedly induced IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta gene expression in the cells and IL-1 production. The expression of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta genes measured in terms of specific mRNA increased 1 h after the start of treatment and peaked at 6 h. Such increased expression of IL-1 beta was also observed in C3H/HeJ mice, a lipopolysaccharide low-responder strain. The fimbriae stimulated transcriptional activity of IL-1 beta in the cells, but not that of IL-1 alpha. We also observed that fimbriae-induced IL-1 gene expression was not regulated by endogenous prostaglandin triggered by the fimbriae. Therefore, these observations suggest that B. gingivalis fimbriae may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult periodontal disease via triggering of IL-1 production by monocytes/macrophages in periodontal diseases.
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PMID:Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis fimbriae activate mouse peritoneal macrophages and induce gene expression and production of interleukin-1. 170 18

beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m), lysozyme and protein concentrations in gingival fluid were analyzed in 19 patients with severe periodontitis and in 19 controls devoid of any clinical signs of inflammation. A significant increase of the total protein and beta 2-m levels was found in periodontal subjects. In contrast, lysozyme concentration did not reflect the inflammatory status of the periodontium. Statistical analyses showed significant correlations between beta 2-m and protein concentrations in both groups. Furthermore, the values obtained by Periotron 600 closely correlated with the protein and beta 2-m contents, indicating that this method is a reliable aid in assessment of the quantity and quality of crevicular exudate and thus the severity of periodontal disease.
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PMID:Gingival fluid, beta 2-microglobulin and protein levels as indicators of periodontal disease. 269 28

The biological activity of Odontomyces viscosus, which has been reported to cause periodontal disease in hamsters, was examined. The microorganism was cultured anaerobically in Brain Heart Infusion broth, and the cells were harvested. The washed cells were injected intradermally into the abdomen of rabbits. After 72 hr, a well-defined, firm, raised nodule (about 1.0 by 1.5 cm) with an erythematous border was seen at the injection site. Suspensions of cell wall and cytoplasmic material were injected intradermally, and the lesions appeared only at the site of cell wall injection. The cell walls, which were then treated with trypsin, pepsin, and ribonuclease, again produced the characteristic lesion. These nodular dermal lesions persisted for a minimal time of 10 days. The enzymatically treated cell walls were then hydrolyzed with 1 n HCl, and such hydrolysis up to 1 hr failed to alter the toxic activity of the cell walls. Similar dermal nodular lesions were obtained by injection of enzymatically treated cell walls of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus groups B, C, E, F, K, Lactobacillus casei, and Actinomyces israelii. Treatment with hot and cold trichloroacetic acid solutions and proteolytic enzymes, or with formamide, yielded insoluble fractions which produced the characteristic nodular lesions. The size of the lesion resulting from injection of these fractions was proportional to the amount of the injected material. The active fraction, which does not appear susceptible to hydrolysis by lysozyme, is thought to be cell wall mucopeptide. Histological studies showed skin abscesses due to the toxic reaction; however, in addition to the acute inflammatory reaction, there was local eosinophilia.
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PMID:Toxic properties of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. 533

The effect of leukocyte hydrolytic enzymes on periodontopathic bacteria was examined in vitro. A frozen and thawed extract of human peripheral blood leukocytes (LE) and human gingival crevicular exudate (GE) were shown to be able to cause the release of 50% of the radioactivity from a leukotoxic strain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa Y4), labeled by 14C. A nonleukotoxic strain (Aa 653) was shown to be more susceptible to both LE and GE, up to 68% of the total radioactivity was solubilized by LE at pH 7.4. Both bacterial strains were found to be resistant to the activity of lysozyme, but highly susceptible to lysolecithin and mixtures of lysolecithin and lysozyme or LE. Capnocytophaga sputigena strain 4 was also found to be partially susceptible to the effect of LE and GE. The possible role of leukocyte hydrolytic enzymes in bacteriolysis and release of bacterial products in relation to periodontal disease is discussed.
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PMID:Effect of human leukocyte extracts and gingival exudate on periodontopathic bacteria. 634 80

This study was designed to determine if quantitation of lysosomal products in crevicular fluid may be useful as a diagnostic test to evaluate clinical status in periodontal disease. Levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin were quantitated in crevicular fluid from patients with gingivitis, generalized adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis and normals. Crevicular fluid (CF) was collected from each patient by standardized filter paper strips and evaluated for lysozyme and lactoferrin by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Levels of lysozyme (micrograms of protein per microliter of CF) were significantly higher in localized juvenile periodontitis patients as compared to gingivitis and adult periodontitis. On the other hand, levels of lactoferrin (micrograms of protein per microliter of CF) did not show significant differences between gingivitis, adult periodontitis and localized juvenile periodontitis. These results indicate that a lysozyme to lactoferrin ratio could be of value as a diagnostic test for localized juvenile periodontitis patients.
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PMID:Lysozyme and lactoferrin quantitation in the crevicular fluid. 634 46

The lack of precise clinical criteria for assessment of periodontal disease has led to a search for alternative means of determining active disease sites, prognosis of future sites of breakdown, and response to therapy. This review highlights the potential array of biomarkers present in gingival crevicular fluid and which may relate to existing or predicted tissue regions undergoing metabolic change and derived from bacterial or host-cell-derived products. Among the former may be listed endotoxin, amines, butyrate, and a variety of enzymes and their inhibitors, such as trypsin-like proteases and bacterial collagenase. Arising from host cells is a variety of leucocytic hydrolase enzymes, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. These appear to be useful inflammatory markers and may be distinguished from products of connective tissue breakdown which include collagenous and non-collagenous products, including collagen peptides, osteonectin, and fibronectin. The proteoglycans have found particular favor as biomarkers of possible bone-resorptive activity. Attention has also been directed at the immune response, including comment on immunoglobulins, complement, eicosanoids, and cytokines. This review lists available information on the presence of these in gingival sulcus fluid and wherever possible relates their presence to disease activity.
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PMID:Gingival crevicular fluid: biomarkers of periodontal tissue activity. 786 94

The heritability of saliva protein concentrations was investigated in stored samples of clarified stimulated whole saliva from adult twins participating in a study of periodontal disease genetics. Saliva was obtained from 29 monozygous and 20 dizygous twin pairs. Visits were scheduled so that both twins in a pair donated saliva at the same time of day. Flow rate was determined, and frozen samples later assayed for lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, total peroxidase, myeloperoxidase and total protein. Pairs were always assayed together. Within- and between-pair variances were used to estimate twin intraclass correlations. Pearson correlations were used to estimate associations between saliva variables and clinical indices of gingivitis, dental plaque, periodontal attachment loss, and probing depth. Significant genetic contributions to variance were seen for total protein, lactoferrin, and total peroxidase. Total protein showed a significant positive correlation with gingivitis. There were no other correlations with clinical indices, and intraclass correlations for saliva variables did not change after adjustment for gingivitis. Dizygous twin correlations were higher than monozygous twin correlations for flow rate, lysozyme, and secretory IgA. That may be an artefact due to small numbers of pairs. It seems unlikely that a common environmental factor would strongly affect saliva in twins living apart as adults. Present findings, taken as sib correlations, support a genetic contribution to saliva protein concentrations. Problems with the twin model in saliva might be resolved by longitudinal studies of large numbers of twins.
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PMID:Genetic contributions to saliva protein concentrations in adult human twins. 806 21

Saliva has proven to be a discriminating element in forensic arenas, an effective indicator of acute diseases of salivary glands, and a promising probe for drug monitoring. With the advent of sensitive immunochemical assays, the compositional profile of human salivary secretions has been expanded considerably. Thus, the establishment of a range of "normal values" for a variety of "intrinsic" and "extrinsic" salivary components represented the initial step to use saliva as a diagnostic tool of oral health status. Unfortunately, numerous cross-sectional studies have shown a wide individual variation in the salivary composition of healthy populations, thus precluding its use as a diagnostic chair-side test for the screening of the most common chronic oral diseases (e.g. caries and periodontal disease). A possible explanation may arise from the wide functional versatility of salivary molecules. For instance, it has been recognized recently that in addition to its digestive properties, salivary amylase may modulate bacterial colonization, whereas histatins are not only antifungal but also bactericidal. Thus, low levels of already known antimicrobial salivary molecules (e.g., secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme) could be compensated with higher concentrations of other molecules with antimicrobial activity, such as amylase and histatins. Consequently, for caries and periodontal diseases, longitudinal sialochemical studies may yield more insight than cross-sectional studies.
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PMID:Sialochemistry: a diagnostic tool? 837 89


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