Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum lysozyme of 138 patients with various systemic mycosis was determine by means of a new technique. It is reported that the levels of the enzyme are very low, particularly in the most serious diseases. The significance of this finding is discussed.
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PMID:[Behavior of natural immunity factors in systemic mycoses. I. Determination of lysozyme by means of a new technic]. 102 46

The aim of the present work was to characterize the infiltrating cells in fungal diseases of the skin by using immunohistochemical methods. The lesions of superficial mycosis were characterized by a increase in the number of Langerhans cells (OKT6, HLADR+). In the upper dermis more OKT4 cells stained than OKT8, and in the deeper dermis the was a more decreased ratio of OKT4+/OKT8+ cells. On the other hand, the granulomatous reactions of deep mycosis mainly consisted of cells that were labeled positively for lysozyme and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. In cases with secondary or local immunodeficiency, however, the infiltrating cells wer negative for these enzymes.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical studies in fungal diseases of skin]. 253 63

Amphotericin B and some of the imidazole drugs have been shown to suppress certain neutrophil and lymphocyte functions both in vitro and in vivo. We present here the in vitro effects of: amorolfin, a morpholine derivative; the imidazoles clotrimazole and ketoconazole; the N-substituted imidazole bifonazole and a triazole (ICE 195, 739), on neutrophil and lymphocyte function. All of these drugs inhibited neutrophil random migration, chemotaxis and hexose monophosphate shunt activity. The effects of the drugs on neutrophil adherence, deoxyglucose transport and beta-glucuronidase release were variable while lysozyme release was unaffected. Natural Killer cell cytoxicity was depressed by all drugs tested except for amorolfin. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was suppressed by all the antifungal drugs tested. Similar results were obtained using the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. The mechanism of action of these drugs on these cell functions remains unknown, there may be a correlation between their effects on fungi and their effects on leukocytes. Clearance of systemic fungal infection is heavily dependent on integrity of the cellular immune system and it is clearly undesirable that antifungal drugs have immunosuppressive properties. Further studies are required to determine the in vivo and clinical relevance of our observations.
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PMID:Effects of the newer antifungal agents (bifonazole, ICI 195, 739 and amorolfin) on in vitro phagocytic, lymphocytic and natural-killer cell responses. 259 17

A case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by strains of both Alternaria spp. and Phaeosclera dematioides is presented. The biopsy material was studied using histological, immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The agent's dematiaceous mycelia are composed of thick-walled hyphae, branched and unbranched, with terminal vesicular formations. All the described structures occur alone or in chains within multinuclear giant foreign body-type cells or invading an abscess. Also present are budding forms. Immunostaining of histiocytic inflammatory cells in either. diffuse or granulomatous infiltrates revealed cytoplasmic positivity for lysozyme and Ki-MIP antibody. The lymphocytic infiltrates of the upper corium show predominantly small T lymphocytes (CD3 and CD45RO positive) and absence of CD20-positive B cells. Plasma cells occurring within the infiltrates of the deeper parts show polyclonal expression of both Ig light chains.
Mycoses
PMID:Phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria spp. and Phaeosclera dematioides: a histopathological study. 890 33

The in vitro susceptibility of 16 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans to three antifungal drugs and lysozyme in combination was determined using an urea broth microdilution method. The antifungal activities of each drug alone against 16 isolates of Cr. neoformans were determined as mean minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). MICs of fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine were 2.0 micrograms ml-1, 0.004 microgram ml-1 and 0.25 microgram ml-1, respectively. Lysozyme alone inhibited the growth of Cr. neoformans in a dose-dependent manner, although the lysozyme was unable to kill the cells of Cr. neoformans at the highest concentration of 20 micrograms ml-1. The mean MICs of fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine in combination with lysozyme were 0.13 microgram ml-1, 0.004 microgram ml-1 and 0.03 microgram ml-1 respectively. The antifungal activity of fluconazole and terbinafine in combination with lysozyme against Cr. neoformans was greatly enhanced compared with that of each drug alone. Itraconazole was unable to enhance the antifungal activity, as it demonstrated higher activity against Cr. neoformans when alone rather than in combination. Lysozyme was confirmed to enhance the antifungal activity of fluconazole and terbinafine in vitro.
Mycoses
PMID:Enhanced activity of antifungal drugs by lysozyme against Cryptococcus neoformans. 971 33

The effects of beauverolide L and cyclosporin A, cyclic peptidic metabolites, produced by several genera of entomopathogenic fungi on immune responses of last instar larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella have been examined. Intrahemocoelic injection of either metabolite-coated silica particles or dissolved metabolites in a concentrations ranging between 10 and 30 micrograms per larvae caused no mortality but activated humoral responses in G. mellonella larvae. The challenge induced a significant release of lysozyme and cecropin-like activity into the hemolymph, suggesting stimulatory activity on humoral immune responses. Injected metabolite-coated particles were rapidly surrounded by hemocytes which subsequently accomplished formation of melanized nodules, which increased in size and number compared with controls. In vitro assays with dissolved metabolites indicated no adverse effects of beauverolide L or cyclosporin A on attachment or spreading of isolated plasmatocytes but dose-dependent inhibition of their phagocytic activity. Isolated plasmatocytes incubated with cyclosporin A or beauverolide L exhibited cytoskeleton alterations that differed from those observed in plasmatocytes from infected G. mellonella larvae or reported from other fungal secondary metabolites. The experiments provided further data to elucidate the role of fungal secondary metabolites in development of mycoses in insects.
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PMID:Effects of beauverolide L and cyclosporin A on humoral and cellular immune response of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. 1019 31

Lysozyme is secreted in large quantities in human airways (10-20 mg/day), where it helps to defend against bacterial and fungal infection. Lysozyme expression is restricted to the serous cells of the submucosal glands, which also express high levels of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels. It is often assumed that mucus secretion in human airways is coupled to anion secretion through CFTR Cl(-) channels located in the apical membrane. Therefore, a defect in CFTR function could cause abnormal mucus secretion leading to persistent bacterial infection and inflammation of the airways. In this study we measured simultaneous secretion of lysozyme and Cl(-) from human airway epithelial serous cells. Secretion of lysozyme was measured by a turbidimetric assay that relies on the ability of lysozyme to disrupt the wall of the bacterium Micrococcus lysodeikticus, thus causing a fall in the optical density of the sample. Secretion of Cl(-) was measured as short-circuit current in a modified Ussing chamber. Activation of Cl(-) secretion by stimulation of cAMP- or Ca(2+)-dependent pathways caused comparable increases in lysozyme secretion. Similarly, blockers of Cl(-) secretion, such as diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), also reduced lysozyme secretion. However, while treatment of airway submucosal gland cells with antisense oligonucleotides directed against CFTR reduced Cl(-) secretion, it had no significant effect on the total amount of lysozyme secretion. These results suggest a role for functional CFTR in regulation of lysozyme secretion in human airways.
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PMID:CFTR and lysozyme secretion in human airway epithelial cells. 1184 2

The in vitro susceptibility of 24 isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis to four antifungal drugs in combination with lysozyme was determined using a urea broth microdilution method. The antifungal activities of each drug alone against 24 isolates of M. pachydermatis were determined as the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). MICs of bifonazole, itraconazole, amorolfine and terbinafine were 3.2 microg ml(-1), 1.6 microg ml(-1), 25 microg ml(-1) and 3.2 microg ml(-1), respectively. Lysozyme alone inhibited the growth of M. pachydermatis in a dose-dependent manner, although the lysozyme was unable to kill the cells of M. pachydermatis at the highest concentration of 20 microg ml(-1). Furthermore, the mean MICs of bifonazole, itraconazole, amorolfine and terbinafine in combination with lysozyme were the same as the results for each drug alone. Although the activity of antifungal drugs in combination with lysozyme is enhanced for other fungi. These results suggested that M. pachydermatis might not be affected by the host's natural defences.
Mycoses 2002 Apr
PMID:Susceptibility testing of Malassezia pachydermatis using the urea broth microdilution method. 1200 May 6

Topical application of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum to the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria resulted in changes in the biochemistry and antimicrobial defenses of the haemolymph. M. anisopliae var acridum colonized the host haemolymph from day two post application. The haemocytes did not attach to, phagocytose or nodulate elements of the fungus. However, the presence of the fungus appeared to stimulate hemocyte aggregation over the first few days of mycosis though the number of aggregates declined subsequently. The total hemocyte count increased two days after application, indicating an overall stimulation of the immune system, but declined to a value below that for uninoculated controls by day four. The differential haemocyte count showed that the initial increase in total haemocyte count was primarily due to a larger number of coagulocytes. After day two consistent declines in cell number were observed for all haemocyte classes in mycosed insects. The activity of the enzyme, phenoloxidase, decreased during the course of infection. However, the converse was true for prophenoloxidase. Lysozyme levels were significantly smaller in infected than control locusts. There was a significant correlation between lysozyme and PO activities when data from mycosed and control insects were combined. The total protein content of the haemolymph decreased during the course of infection.
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PMID:The immune response of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria during mycosis of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum. 1277 Feb 6

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an important turf and forage grass species worldwide. Fungal diseases present a major limitation in the maintenance of tall fescue lawns, landscapes, and forage fields. Two severe fungal diseases of tall fescue are brown patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, and gray leaf spot, caused by Magnaporthe grisea. These diseases are often major problems of other turfgrass species as well. In efforts to obtain tall fescue plants resistant to these diseases, we introduced the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene into tall fescue through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. In replicated experiments under controlled environments conducive to disease development, 6 of 13 transgenic events showed high resistance to inoculation of a mixture of two M. grisea isolates from tall fescue. Three of these six resistant plants also displayed significant resistance to an R. solani isolate from tall fescue. Thus, we have demonstrated that the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene confers resistance to both gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases in transgenic tall fescue plants. The gene may have wide applications in engineered fungal disease resistance in various crops.
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PMID:Expression of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene in tall fescue confers resistance to gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases. 1727 14


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