Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The changes in intraneutrophilic and plasma concentrations of the three antibacterial proteins lysozyme, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase were studied sequentially during acute bacterial infection in nine patients. Intraneutrophilic concentrations of the three proteins were decreased by more than 50% during the 1st week of infection, followed by a slow increase over the following 2 weeks. Nadir values coincided with maximal toxic granulation of the neutrophils. The data suggest that neutrophilic granulocytes are deficient during early bacterial infection, possibly because of deficient synthesis of antibacterial proteins in the bone marrow, and that neutrophil toxic granulation is the visual counterpart of this defect. The plasma concentrations of the three proteins showed considerable differences: whereas plasma lysozyme did not show any sequential changes, plasma myeloperoxidase was high at the start of infection and quickly decreased towards normal values, and plasma lactoferrin, high in the first samples, showed a secondary peak 1 week after onset of disease, before normalization was seen. These differences may result from differences in the signals are specific for the individual antibacterial protein and not for the different types of neutrophil granules.
 ...
PMID:Neutrophilic granulocytes in acute bacterial infection. Sequential studies on lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin. 18 78

Infusion of cycloheximide i.v., an antibiotic known to inhibit synthesis of protein, at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, reliably caused lysis of fever in 15 chronically febrile patients with Hodgkin's disease who did not have detectable bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Antipyretic effects were also seen in some patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, acute leukemia, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, plasma cell myeloma, carcinoma of the lung, and carcinoma of the cervix. The drug failed to produce defervescence in four patients with normal granulocyte reserves, who were febrile due to bacterial infection. When infused at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, the drug apparently caused an acute alteration of protein metabolism in man in that plasma amino acid nitrogen rose acutely while plasma levels of muramidase and ribonuclease fell during the period of the infusion. The data suggest that continuing synthesis of protein may be involved in nonbacterial fever of neoplastic disease. Mammalian granulocytes and monocytes are known to elaborate a pyrogenic protein following appropriate stimulation; it is suggested that in some types of neoplastic disease, particularly Hodgkin's disease, tumor cells may produce and release a pyrogenic protein and that drug-induced inhibition of its synthesis is responsible for the observed lysis of fever.
 ...
PMID:Antipyretic effect of cycloheximide, and inhibitor of protein synthesis, in patients with Hodgkin's disease or other malignant neoplasms. 109 49

Lactoferrin and lysozyme have bactericidal activities and are responsible for mucosal defense against local bacterial infections. To assess the local defense mechanisms in the intrahepatic biliary tree, we studied the distribution of lactoferrin and lysozyme immunohistochemically in 14 normal autopsy livers and in 29 surgically resected and two autopsy livers of hepatolithiasis. In the latter, bacterial infection was constantly found. Lactoferrin and lysozyme were detected in low doses and in specific areas in the intramural and extramural glands of certain normal livers. In contrast, in hepatolithiasis, the incidence of lactoferrin- and lysozyme-positive cases significantly increased both in the intramural glands (94% and 77% of 31 cases, respectively) and in the extramural glands (72% and 48% of 29 cases, respectively) (p less than 0.01) in the stone-containing bile ducts. These glands proliferated considerably in the stone-containing bile ducts and were stained more widely and intensely than in normal livers. These data suggest that these proliferated peribiliary glands in the stone-containing bile ducts produce and secrete significant amounts of lactoferrin and lysozyme. Increased production and secretion of lactoferrin and lysozyme suggests activated local defense mechanisms against bacterial infection in the stone-containing bile ducts, and may be beneficial for inhibition of the growth of calculi and prevention of the suppurative inflammation.
 ...
PMID:Lactoferrin and lysozyme in the intrahepatic bile duct of normal livers and hepatolithiasis. An immunohistochemical study. 150 33

Low levels of lysozyme were found in the midgut epithelium of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the early part of the fifth larval stadium. This was observed in control insects as well as in bacterially challenged insects. No lysozyme was detected in the gut contents of either group of insects which were actively eating or in the early stages of metamorphosis. However, high levels of lysozyme activity were detected in homogenates of midgut tissue collected from insects later in the stadium. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that lysozyme accumulates in large apical vacuoles in regenerative cells of the midgut during the larval-pupal molt. These cells, initially scattered basally throughout the larval midgut epithelium, multiply and form a continuous cell layer underneath the larval midgut cells. At the larval/pupal ecdysis the larval midgut epithelium is sloughed off and the regenerative cells, now forming the single cell layer of the midgut, release the contents of their vacuoles into the midgut lumen. This release results in high lysozyme activity in the lumen of the pupal midgut and is thought to confer protection from bacterial infection. This is the first indication that the lysozyme gene may be developmentally regulated in a specific tissue in the absence of a bacterial infection.
 ...
PMID:Lysozyme in the midgut of Manduca sexta during metamorphosis. 180 32

Lysozyme, a bacteriolytic protein discovered by Fleming in 1922 and found to be phylogenetically ancient and almost ubiquitous among living organisms, is probably the most studied enzyme in biology and medicine. Evidence of its involvement in resistance to bacterial infection is compelling but remains indirect. Muramyl peptides (fragments of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan) exert many effects on the immune system and the CNS, and appear to contribute to non-specific resistance to infection, fever, fatigue, and the pathogenesis of bacterial infection. Synthetic muramyl peptide analogues are currently used as adjuvants in vaccine trials in humans. Several pathological conditions are associated with changes in lysozyme concentrations, and egg-white lysozyme treatment has been tried on a small scale. With the cloning of the human lysozyme gene in yeast cells the enzyme can now be produced on a large scale, which will enable its therapeutic applications to be evaluated.
 ...
PMID:[Lysozyme--an enzyme of both historical and current interest as a therapeutical agent]. 194 84

Lysozyme is one of the antibacterial proteins that are produced by the giant silk moth Hyalophora cecropia in response to bacterial infection or injury. As an essential step toward the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune response, we have isolated and characterized the lysozyme gene from Cecropia. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene as well as the immediate flanking sequences have been determined. The gene includes three exons. Its first intron contains a repetitive sequence. In the evolutionary aspect, the Cecropia lysozyme gene and two vertebrate lysozyme genes have been found to maintain a similar organization pattern of exons. The lysozyme gene has been found to be strongly induced by lipopolysaccharides and a phorbol ester as well as bacteria. In the induction by bacteria, the lysozyme transcript appears at about 2 h, reaches to the maximum level at about 24 h, and then declines. Comparison of the 5'-flanking sequences with several other genes involved in the immune response of H. cecropia and Drosophila melanogaster revealed a kappa B-like consensus sequence. This sequence is specifically recognized by a nuclear protein from the induced pupa.
 ...
PMID:Organization and expression of the immunoresponsive lysozyme gene in the giant silk moth, Hyalophora cecropia. 200 8

Antibodies against the gram negative enteric bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica have been found in a high proportion of persons with autoimmune thyroid disorders, especially in those with Graves' disease or hyperthyroidism (Shenkman & Bottone, 1981). There is strong evidence that Graves' disease is caused by receptor autoantibodies which mimic the bioeffects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on the thyroid (Manley, Knight & Adams, 1982). Recently, saturable binding sites for TSH were demonstrated in Y. enterocolitica under non-physiological conditions (Weiss et al., 1983). We have characterized TSH binding sites on Y. enterocolitica under physiological conditions and studied their interaction with Graves' immunoglobulins (Ig's). Saturable and specific binding of receptor-purified 125I-TSH to lysozyme/EDTA-treated Y. enterocolitica (serotype 03) was demonstrated under both non-physiological and physiological conditions. Scatchard binding plots were linear indicating a single class of binding site (Kd 1 X 10(-7) M, maximum of 30,000 binding sites per cell). In the presence of Graves' Ig's the binding of 125I-TSH to Y. enterocolitica was significantly inhibited. Graves' Ig's also precipitated a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 64,000 from Triton-solubilized, 125I-labelled Y. enterocolitica, similar in size to one of the proteins precipitated by Graves' Ig's from human thyroid membranes. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that thyroid autoimmunity may be triggered by bacterial infection via a mechanism involving crossreactivity at the level of the TSH receptor. They also suggest that elements of mammalian endocrine systems are highly conserved and have a function in prokaryotes.
 ...
PMID:Thyrotrophin (TSH) binding sites on Yersinia enterocolitica recognized by immunoglobulins from humans with Graves' disease. 301 19

During an experiment to study the localization of the lysozyme in the nasal mucosa of humans by the protein A-gold technique, we observed the accumulation of lysozymes around bacteria possibly causing bacteriolysis. The lysozyme, therefore, seems to play a preventive role against some kind of bacterial infection in the nasal mucosa in situ.
 ...
PMID:Bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme in the nasal mucosa. 381 85

Diapausing pupae of Cecropia respond to a bacterial infection by the selective synthesis of RNA and 15-20 hemolymph proteins. Of these we have purified lysozyme and two classes of antibacterial proteins called cecropins and attacins. The primary structure has been determined for the lysozyme, one attacin and five cecropins. We have also prepared a cDNA bank, isolated and sequenced clones corresponding to the lysozyme, the two main attacins and one cecropin. The results of these structural studies are briefly summarized. Finally we review the solid phase synthesis of cecropin A and B and 9 analogs of cecropin A.
 ...
PMID:On the primary structures of lysozyme, cecropins and attacins from Hyalophora cecropia. 384 Jan

Bronchial secretions obtained during bronchoscopic examination of 60 children suffering from respiratory tract infections were studied for the concentration of immunoglobulins, anti-proteolytic factors, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. Eleven children having bronchial asthma without a history of chronic or recurrent infections of the respiratory tract were designated as a control. The results were analysed in relation to clinical diagnosis (chronic bronchitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis) or to the local status of bronchial mucosa at the time of bronchoscopy (no inflammation, inflammation, inflammation with documented bacterial infection). The statistical analysis of the results revealed a decrease of lactoferrin and locally produced IgA in the group of children suffering from bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. Samples infected with Haemophilus species had significantly higher concentration of lactoferrin than any other group. Similarly, albumin in this group was higher than in the other group except that other bacteria were present. Samples infected with Haemophilus also had increased concentrations of S-IgA, IgG, and anti-proteolytic factors when compared with the group without local inflammation.
 ...
PMID:Studies of bronchial secretion. The influence of inflammatory response and bacterial infection. 396 91


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>