Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.17 (lysozyme)
 21,489 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Squirrel monkeys were inoculated by the intratracheal inoculation of 700 Klebsiella pneumoniae organisms and developed lobar pneumonia in about 24 h. Characteristic clinical findings were fever, anorexia, and coughing. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis or leukopenia (with the latter more prominent in ultimately fatal infections), bacteremia, and shedding of bacteria into the pharynx. Infected monkeys showed increased plasma lysozyme activity as well as increased plasma ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and alpha1-antitrypsin. The mortality rate was 60%, and the mean time of death was 50.5 h. Pathologically, the disease spread by means of Kohn's pores and other pathways that generally did not involve airways as a means of dissemination until about 30 h. Squirrel monkeys seem to be better models for human respiratory K. pneumoniae infection than rats or mice.
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PMID:Nonhuman primate model for the study of respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. 10 26

Long-term immunosuppressive therapy of mice with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) for 2 and/or 3 weeks results in partial lethality, decrease of total leukocyte count, of serum lysozyme level and in bacteremia. The adverse effect of 6-MP treatment could not be prevented by lysozyme administration; immunization with Escherichia coli O86 antigen further increased the lethality of 6-MP in mice. The results stress the potential danger of immunization with bacterial antigens during immunosuppressive therapy.
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PMID:Attempt to enhance resistance to infection in 6-mercaptopurine treated mice by lysozyme administration and immunization with Escherichia coli O86 antigen. 110 27

Unusual gram positive bacteremia has been reported in non granulopenic patients receiving recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) suggesting a beneficial effect of anti gram positive prophylaxis in such patients. We report here studies on granulocyte functions examined during the course of high dose IL-2 therapy (16 to 24 million IU/m2/days for 11 to 18 days) administered during a period of 35 days in 14 patients including 4 solid tumors, 5 chronic myeloid leukemias, 4 recipients of autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) and 1 recipient of syngeneic bone marrow transplant. Neutrophils functions were studied before IL-2 administration (d 0), after the first cycle (d 8) and after the third cycle (d 36). Nylon fiber adherence, superoxide production, random migration, phagocytosis, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, lysozyme and elastase release were not impaired significantly throughout therapy. However N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (FMLP) stimulated chemotaxis of granulocytes, normal before therapy, was significantly impaired as early at d 8 and severely inhibited at d 36 (p less than 0.001). Three septicemia, one corynebacteria parvum septicemia and two gram-negative septicemia despite normal neutrophil counts and oxacillin or Penicillin G plus Pefloxacin prophylaxis, occurred among the 14 patients studied. Although neutrophil functions were not more depressed in transplanted patients than in the other non transplanted patients, special attention should be paid to such patients in whom delayed immune reconstitution could increase the risk of sepsis.
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PMID:Interleukin-2 induces chemotactic deficiency in patients with onco hematologic malignancies and autologous bone marrow transplantation. 166 18

Myelomonocytic myeloproliferative disease in a horse was diagnosed on the basis of hematologic, enzymatic, and histopathologic findings. It was characterized clinically by depression, weight loss splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, coagulopathy, and bacteremia. Hematologic findings included severe refractory anemia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, and pleomorphic leukocytes, with a left shift of the myeloid series. The serum lysozyme concentration was 14.5 microgram/ml (normal, less than 5 microgram/ml). The bone marrow contained many immature cells of the myeloid series and had a myeloid-to-erythroid ratio of 30.5 to 1. The horse died after brief hospitalization. Necropsy revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and hemorrhages throughout the body. Histopathologically, primitive cells were seen in several tissues. Cells that proliferated in the bone marrow were primarily myeloblastic, with some additional erythropoietic cells. Myeloblastic cells with evidence of normal erythropoiesis were seen in numerous lymph nodes and in the spleen, whereas primarily normal erythropoietic cells proliferated in the adrenal glands. Myeloid blast-type cells predominated in the lungs, myocardium, liver, and kidneys.
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PMID:Myelomonocytic myeloproliferative diseases in a horse. 705 85

Lactoferrin is a milk protein that reportedly protects infants from gut-related, systemic infection. Proof for this concept is limited and was addressed during in vivo and in vitro studies. Neonatal rats pretreated orally with recombinant human lactoferrin (rh-LF) had less bacteremia and lower disease severity scores (P < 0.001) after intestinal infection with Escherichia coli. Control animals had 1,000-fold more colony-forming units of E. coli per milliliter of blood than treated animals (P < 0.001). Liver cultures from control animals had a twofold increase in bacterial counts compared with cultures from rh-LF-treated pups (P < 0.02). Oral therapy with rh-LF + FeSO(4) did not alter the protective effect. In vitro studies confirmed that rh-LF interacted with the infecting bacterium and rat macrophages. An in vitro assay showed that rh-LF did not kill E. coli, but a combination of rh-LF + lysozyme was microbicidal. In vitro studies showed that rat macrophages released escalating amounts of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha when stimulated with increasing concentrations of rh-LF. The in vitro studies suggest that rh-LF may act with other "natural peptide antibiotics" or may prime macrophages to kill E. coli in vivo.
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PMID:Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. 1166 22

The objective of the present study was to identify the nature of a filterable cardiodepressant substance (FCS) that contributes to myocardial dysfunction in a canine model of Escherichia coli septic shock. In a previous study, it was found that FCS increased in plasma after 4 h of bacteremia (Am J Physiol 1993;264:H1402) in which FCS was identified by a bioassay that included a right ventricular trabecular (RVT) preparation. In that study, FCS was only partially identified by pore filtration techniques and was found to be a protein of molecular weight between 10 and 30 K. In the present study, FCS was further purified by size exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography, until a single band was identified on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This band was then subjected to tandem mass spectrometry and protein-sequencing techniques and both techniques identified FCS as lysozyme c (Lzm-S), consistent with that originating from the canine spleen. Confirmatory tests showed that purified Lzm-S produced myocardial depression in the RVT preparation at concentrations achieved during sepsis in the in vivo preparation. In addition, Lzm-S inhibited the adrenergic response induced by field stimulation and the beta- agonist isoproterenol in in vitro preparations, these results suggesting that Lzm-S may inhibit the sympathetic response in sepsis. The present findings indicate that Lzm-S originating from disintegrating leukocytes from organs such as the spleen contributes to myocardial dysfunction in this model. The mechanism may relate to its binding or hydrolysis of a cardiac membrane glycoprotein thereby interfering with myocardial excitation-contraction coupling in sepsis.
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PMID:Lysozyme: a mediator of myocardial depression and adrenergic dysfunction in septic shock in dogs. 1267 41

Colostrum and milk contain, in addition to nutritional constituents, also proteins crucial for the normal development of the offspring. Lactoferrin (LF) belongs to the family of iron-binding proteins and exhibits a wide spectrum of antimicrobial and immunotropic properties. LF is particularly resistant to proteolytic degradation in alimentary tract, in contrast to other milk proteins, e.g. casein. In any case, LF-derived peptides also possess potent antibacterial activities. LF is absorbed from the intestine by means of specific receptors located on brush border cells. Administered orally, LF stimulates both local and systemic immune response. LF plays a role in the absorption of nutrients. The protein can deliver such metal ions as iron, manganese, and zinc and facilitate the absorption of sugars. LF stimulates the proliferation of gut endothelial cells and the growth of gut-associated lymphatic follicles. This property suggests the possibility of applying LF in premature infants and patients with damaged intestinal mucus. LF controls the proper composition of the gut microflora. It suppresses the growth of pathogenic bacteria while promoting the multiplication of nonpathogenic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Newborns fed an artificial diet develop harmful microflora (Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Bacteroides, Escherichia). The non-pathogenic microflora ensures low pH, produces some vitamins, increases the activity of NK cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages, promotes the production of protective immunoglobulins, and lowers the risk of allergies. In studies on mice, LF was found to be protective in bacteremia and endotoxemia. The protein stimulates the activity of reticulo-endothelial system cells and elicits myelopoiesis, thus increasing the killing and clearance of bacteria. In the model of experimental endotoxemia, LF inhibits the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive forms of oxygen. LF can also promote the differentiation of T and B cells from their immature precursors and increases the activity of NK and LAK cells. It also protects against the toxicity of reactive oxygen radicals. This property may be particularly relevant when baby food, based on modified cow's milk, contains mineral iron, which may be a source of harmful free radicals. In summary, it is obvious that natural human milk has the best value for newborns. Supplementation of artificial baby food with LF seems essential to improve the protective and immunoenhancing property of this kind of diet. It is clear that cow's milk is not appropriate for human newborns. Cow's milk contains 50 times less LF, only traces of lysozyme, and lower concentrations of other whey proteins and immunologically relevant immunoglobulins. Therefore commercially available baby foods (United States, Japan) are supplemented with LF.
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PMID:[The role of lactoferrin in the proper development of newborns]. 1610 43

Milk and colostrum are rich in proteins and peptides which play a crucial role in development of the immune system in mammalian offspring. Immunotropic properties of these compounds prompted investigators to search for their utility in prevention and therapy of various disorders in humans. The following constituents of milk are of particular interest: 1) Lactoferrin (LF)--exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasite and antitumor activities. It is protective with regard to intestinal epithelium, promotes bone growth and accelerates recovery of the immune system function in immunocompromised animal; 2) A Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP) shows a variety of immunotropic functions, including promotion of T-cell maturation and inhibition'of autoimmune disorders. PRP was recently found to improve or stabilize the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living status in Alzheimer's disease patients. 3) Casein--has been protective in experimental bacteremia by eliciting myelopoiesis. Casein hydrolyzates were also protective in diabetic animals, reduced the tumor growth and diminished colicky symptoms in infants. Casein-derived peptides have been found to have antihypertensive effects. Glycomacropeptide (GMP)--a peptide derived from kappa casein, exhibits antibacterial and antithrombotic activities. 4) Alpha lactalbumin (LA)--demonstrates antiviral, antitumor and anti-stress properties. LA-enriched diets were anxiolytic, lowered blood pressure in rats, prevented diarrhea and led to a better weight gain in malnourished children. 5) Lysozyme--is effective in treatment of periodentitis and prevention of tooth decay. Milk enriched in lysozyme was used in feeding premature infants suffering from concomitant diseases. 6) Lactoperoxidase--shows antibacterial properties. In conclusion, milk-derived proteins and peptides are bio-accessible and safe for the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders in humans.
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PMID:Milk-derived proteins and peptides of potential therapeutic and nutritive value. 1740 68

Cardiovascular dysfunction in septic shock (SS) is ascribed to the release of inflammatory mediators. Norepinephrine (NE) is often administered to treat low MAP in SS. We recently found that lysozyme c (Lzm-S) released from leukocytes was a mediator of myocardial depression in an Escherichia coil model of SS in dogs. This effect can be blocked in an in vitro preparation by chitobiose, a competitive inhibitor of Lzm-S. In the present study, we examined whether chitobiose treatment can reverse myocardial depression and obviate NE requirements in two respective canine E. coli preparations. In a 6-h study, we administered chitobiose after 3.5 h of E. coli bacteremia and compared stroke work (SW) and MAP at 6 h with a sepsis control group. In a 12-h study, we determined whether chitobiose treatment can reduce the need for NE requirements during 12 h of bacteremia. In the latter study, either chitobiose or NE was given when MAP decreased approximately 20% from the presepsis value in respective groups. In anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs, we monitored hemodynamic parameters during continuous E. coli infusion. In the 6-h study, chitobiose improved SW and MAP at the 6-h period as compared with the nontreated sepsis group. In the 12-h study, SW and MAP increased after chitobiose without the necessity of NE administration. These results suggest that inhibitors of Lzm-S such as chitobiose may improve myocardial depression and reduce the need for NE requirements in SS.
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PMID:N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, an inhibitor of lysozyme, reverses myocardial depression and lessens norepinephrine requirements in Escherichia coli sepsis in dogs. 1788 42

The level of lysozyme in fat body, hemocytes and cell-free hemolymph from Galleria mellonella larvae infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and evaluated. In the samples of fat body and hemocytes, an increase in lysozyme content was detected 1 d after infection and then a significant decrease was observed after a prolonged infection time. In the case of cell-free hemolymph, an increase in the lysozyme level was noticeable during the first 30 h post injection and stayed at a similar level for 42 h. The smaller decrease of the lysozyme level after 42 h might be associated with the development of bacteremia of P. aeruginosa in insects. In addition, the gradual increase in the content of lysozyme correlated with the increase of its activity in the hemolymph of the infected larvae as a response to injection with P. aeruginosa. The G. mellonella lysozyme appeared to be insensitive to extracellular proteinases produced in vivo by P. aeruginosa.
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PMID:Changes in Galleria mellonella lysozyme level and activity during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. 1850 Jun 34


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