Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.15 (pectinase)
 2,440 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is obtained from a colloidal fluid called latex, which represents the cytoplasmic content of the laticifers of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). We have developed a method of extracting translatable mRNA from freshly tapped latex. Analysis of in vitro translation products of latex mRNA showed that the encoded polypeptides are very different from those of leaf mRNA and these differences are visible in the protein profiles of latex and leaf as well. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that laticifer RNA is 20- to 100-fold enriched in transcripts encoding enzymes involved in rubber biosynthesis. Plant defense genes encoding chitinases, pathogenesis-related protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase show a 10- to 50-fold higher expression in laticifers than in leaves, indicating the probable response of rubber trees to tapping and ethylene treatment. Photosynthetic genes encoding ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit and chlorophyll a/b-binding protein are not expressed at a detectable level in laticifers. In contrast, genes encoding two hydrolytic enzymes, cellulase and polygalacturonase, are more highly expressed in laticifers than in leaves. Transcripts for the cytoplasmic form of glutamine synthase are preferentially expressed in laticifers, whereas those for the chloroplastic form of the same enzyme are present mainly in leaves. Control experiments demonstrated that beta-ATPase, actin, and ubiquitin are equally expressed in laticifers and leaves. Therefore, the differences in specific transcript abundance between laticifers and leaves are due to differential expression of the genes for these transcripts in the laticifers.
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PMID:Laticifer-specific gene expression in Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). 1160 69

Bundle sheath strands were isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) leaves treated with preparations of cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase. A three-phase discontinuous gradient yielded two fractions of envelope membranes from bundle sheath chloroplasts. Buoyant densities were 1.06 and 1.09 g cm(-3). The lighter fraction contained membrane vesicles under light microscopy, but centrifugation produced a pellet that was too small and unstable for purposes of electron microscopy. The heavier fraction contained single and double membrane vesicles and was studied further. Enzymic, chemical, light microscopic, and electron microscopic examination showed less than 2% contamination by stromal contents, no contamination by microbial, microsomal, or mitochondrial membranes, and possible low levels of lamellar membrane contamination. Yields of 0.5 mg of envelope membrane protein were obtained from 56-g leaf sections. The Mg(2+)-dependent nonlatent ATPase activity, a marker enzyme for chloroplast envelope membranes, was 40 mumoles Pi released hr(-1) mg protein(-1), a value similar to that obtained with pure mesophyll chloroplast envelope membranes from other plants.
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PMID:Isolation of envelope membranes from bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize. 1666 Jan 81

A procedure was developed for the enzymic isolation of large quantities of protoplasts from the cortex of Zea mays L. WF9 x MO 17 roots. Cortex was separated from the primary root, sectioned, and the cell walls digested for 3.5 hours in 2% (w/v) Cellulysin, 0.1% Pectolyase Y-23, 1 millimolar CaCl(2), 0.05% bovine serum albumin, 0.5 millimolar dithiothreitol in 0.6 molar mannitol (pH 5.6). Cortical cell protoplasts were collected by centrifugation and purified by flotation in a Ficoll step gradient. The yield of protoplasts was approximately 650 x 10(3)/gram fresh tissue. To obtain maximum yield it was essential to include an effective pectinase (Pectolyase Y-23) and protectants (bovine serum albumin and dithiothreitol) in the digestion medium.Cortical cell protoplasts exhibited energy-dependent uptake of K(+) ((86)Rb), H(2) (32)PO(4) (-), and (36)Cl(-) as well as net H(+) extrusion. Ion fluxes were sustained for at least 3 hours. Influx of K(+) was highest between pH 7.5 and 8.0, whereas the influx of H(2)PO(4) (-) was greatest between pH 4.0 and 5.0. K(+) and H(2)PO(4) (-) influx and net H(+) efflux were inhibited by respiratory poisons such as cyanide (0.1 millimolar) and oligomycin (5 micrograms per milliliter), and by inhibitors of plasma membrane ATPase such as diethylstilbestrol (50 micromolar). Calculated flux for Cl(-) was low, but not greatly different from that observed for other plant cells. K(+) flux was somewhat high, probably because the K(+) concentration in the cortical cells was below steady-state. The results indicate that isolated cortical cell protoplasts retain transport properties which are similar to those of root tissue.
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PMID:Isolation and transport properties of protoplasts from cortical cells of corn roots. 1666 85

This study addresses some microbial inactivation phenomena induced by high pressure CO2 over micro-organisms and enzymes. The activity of four selected enzymes was measured before and after treatment with CO2 under pressure in both buffer solutions and natural cellular environment (E. coli cells and tomato paste). Results are reported for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, and pectinase at different conditions of temperature, CO2 pressure, and treatment time (32-40 degrees C, 85-150 bar, 30-70 min). The results obtained show that the high pressure CO2 treatment induces an inactivation of cellular enzymatic activity higher than the one caused on the same enzymes in solution. However, the measured activity difference is not caused by a damage at the enzymes molecular level but is a consequence of the permeabilization of the cellular envelopes which leads to a release of unmodified enzymes from the cells with simultaneous drop of enzymatic cellular activity. The reported data suggest that the bacterial cell death is probably due not to a selective effect of high pressure CO2 treatment but to simultaneous detrimental action of CO2 on cellular membrane and cell wall.
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PMID:A study on the inactivation of micro-organisms and enzymes by high pressure CO2. 1673 96

Increasing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) have roles during biotic and abiotic stress, though their exact contributions remain unclear. To explore their biological functions in response to chilling in bell pepper, we examined their accumulation profiles by deep sequencing and identified 380 lncRNAs, 36 circRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 4128 differentially expressed mRNAs in the chilled versus the non-chilled fruit. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed differentially expressed genes and putative ncRNA targets, including transcription factors of multiple classes, such as myeloblastosis (MYB), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factors (TFs), enzymes involved in bio-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation (serine/threonine-protein kinase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, lipoxygenase, and ATPase), and cell wall metabolism-related enzymes (beta-galactosidase, pectate lyase, pectinesterase, and polygalacturonase). On the basis of the accumulation profiles, a network of putatively interacting RNAs associated with bell pepper chilling was developed, which pointed to ncRNAs that could provide the foundation for further developing a more refined understanding of the molecular response to chilling injury.
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PMID:Analysis of the Coding and Non-Coding RNA Transcriptomes in Response to Bell Pepper Chilling. 2998 49