Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.2.1.15 (pectinase)
2,440 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two experiments with young pigs (25 d of age) were conducted to investigate the effect of multienzyme preparations on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and P utilization and excretion. In Exp. 1, 24 pigs (six pigs per treatment) were used in a 28-d performance and digestibility trial using four diets: control (no enzyme) and control supplemented with enzyme preparation A, B, or C. The control diet was formulated to meet 95% of NRC (1998) nutrient specifications (except for available P, which was at 44% NRC) and composed of corn, wheat, wheat by-products, barley, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas. All three enzyme preparations contained xylanase, glucanase, amylase, protease, invertase, and phytase activities and differed in the type of plant cell wall-degrading activities; Enzyme A contained cellulase, galactanase, and mannanase; Enzyme B contained cellulase and pectinase; and Enzyme C contained cellulase, galactanase, mannanase, and pectinase. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had higher ADG (P = 0.02) and G:F (P = 0.01) than those fed the control diet. On average, and when compared with control diet, enzyme supplementation improved (P = 0.001 to 0.04) ileal digestibility of DM (60 vs. 66%), GE (62.8 vs. 70.4%), CP (62 vs. 72%), starch (86.7 vs. 94.2%), nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP; 10.1 vs. 17.6%), and phytate (59 vs. 70%). Compared with the control, total-tract digestibility of nutrients was increased (P = 0.001 to 0.01) owing to enzyme supplementation, with Enzyme C showing the highest improvement in DM, GE, CP, starch, NSP, phytate, and P utilization. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had decreased (P = 0.04) fecal P excretion. The benefit from improved nutrient utilization with enzyme supplementation was further substantiated in a 38-d growth performance study with 48 pigs. The control and Enzyme C-supplemented diets (same as Exp. 1) were assigned to six replicate pens (four pigs per pen). The study was conducted in three phases (Phase 1 = d 0 to 7; Phase 2 = d 7 to 21; Phase 3 = d 21 to 38). Individual BW and pen feed disappearance were monitored. Average daily gain and G:F were 231 and 257 g (P = 0.01), and 0.56 and 0.63 (P = 0.001) for the control and enzyme-supplemented diets, respectively. It is evident from this study that the use of enzyme preparations may allow for cost-effective and environmentally friendly formulation of young pig diets.
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PMID:Dietary supplementation with multienzyme preparations improves nutrient utilization and growth performance in weaned pigs. 1508 Mar 27

In vitro incubation studies were carried out to determine if various carbohydrase preparations contained appropriate activities to target nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) of wheat, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal, and peas. Triplicate samples (0.1 g) were incubated with a number of carbohydrase preparations (i.e., cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, glucanase, galactanase, and mannanase) or their combinations at 45 degrees C and pH 5.2. A more pronounced degradation of NSP was achieved when the enzyme preparations were used in concert. When compared with the control (nonenzyme treatment), the highest degree of NSP degradation reached was 37% for wheat, and 36, 26, and 28% for canola meal, SBM, and peas, respectively. Four enzyme combinations were studied further in a 2-wk (5 to 18 d of age) growth performance and nutrient digestibility trial with broiler chickens. All enzyme combinations were effective in improving (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed-to-gain ratio, AMEn, apparent ileal digestibilities of starch and protein, and apparent total tract digestibility of NSP in birds fed a wheat, wheat screening, SBM, canola meal, and peas-based diet. The most complex enzyme combination was found to be superior (P < 0.05) to others in improving ileal protein digestibility and feed-to-gain ratio. The effectiveness of this combination in elimination of the nutrient-encapsulating effect of cell walls was further evaluated in a balance study with adult roosters fed a conventionally ground full-fat canola seed. Enzyme addition increased (P < 0.05) NSP digestibility from 11.1 to 30.1%, which, in turn, resulted in a marked increase (P < 0.05) in TMEn value (4.176 vs 4.744 Mcal/kg) of the seed. It is evident from the present studies that the addition of an appropriate combination of carbohydrase enzymes to target cell wall polysaccharide structures could further improve enzyme efficacy in practical wheat, SBM, canola meal, and peas-based broiler diets.
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PMID:Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by combinations of carbohydrase enzymes and their effect on nutrient utilization and broiler chicken performance. 1568 40

A method for analysis of the component composition of multienzyme complexes secreted by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei was developed. The method is based on chromatofocusing followed by further identification of protein fractions according to their substrate specificity and molecular characteristics of the proteins. The method allows identifying practically all known cellulases and hemicellulases of T. reesei: endoglucanase I (EG I), EG II, EG III, cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), CBH II, xylanase I (XYL I), XYL II, beta-xylosidase, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, acetyl xylan esterase, mannanase, alpha-galactosidase, xyloglucanase, polygalacturonase, and exo-beta-1,3-glucosidase. The component composition of several laboratory and commercial T. reesei preparations was studied and the content of the individual enzymes in these preparations was quantified. The influence of fermentation conditions on the component composition of secreted enzyme complexes was revealed. The characteristic features of enzyme preparations obtained in "cellulase" and "xylanase" fermentation conditions are shown.
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PMID:New effective method for analysis of the component composition of enzyme complexes from Trichoderma reesei. 1603 8

The effect of a new multicarbohydrase supplement of cell wall degrading activities on the nutritive value of corn, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), and peas for broiler chickens was investigated. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous corn (69% corn), SBM (30% SBM, 59% corn), CM (30% CM, 54% corn), and pea (30% peas, 52% corn) diets, without or with enzyme supplementation, were formulated to meet NRC specifications for broiler chickens (except for AME and CP, which were at 95 and 92% of NRC requirements, respectively). The enzyme supplement supplied 1,000 U of xylanase, 400 U of glucanase, 1,000 U of pectinase, 120 U of cellulase, 280 U of mannanase, and 180 U of galactanase per kilogram of diet. Each diet was fed in a mash form to 9 replicate pens of 5 broilers from 5 to 18 d. When compared with the control treatment, enzyme addition to the corn diet improved (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio, whereas the performance of birds fed the other 3 diets was not affected. An increase (P < 0.05) in total tract nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) digestibility, ileal starch digestibility, and AMEn was observed in birds fed the enzyme-supplemented corn diet. An improvement (P < 0.05) in total tract NSP digestibility, ileal protein digestibility, and AMEn content with enzyme supplementation was observed for the SBM diet. However, nutrient digestibilities and AMEn of CM and pea diets were not affected (P > 0.05) by enzyme addition even though the NSP digestibilities increased significantly (P < 0.05). A significant increase (P < 0.05) in water-soluble NSP and a decrease (P < 0.05) in water-insoluble NSP concentration of ileal digesta was noted for birds fed all 4 enzyme-supplemented diets. It would appear from this study that the nutrient utilization of corn-SBM diet by broilers could be enhanced by using an appropriate multicarbohydrase enzyme supplement. The nutrient encapsulating effect of cell wall polysaccharides in SBM, CM, and peas may not be the only factor responsible for incomplete nutrient utilization. The improvement in feed efficiency and starch availability in birds fed corn diet likely resulted from the cell wall degrading activity of the enzyme supplement.
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PMID:Nutritive values of corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes. 1615 8

An extracellular pectinase (PECI) was purified to apparent homogeneity from liquid state cultures of the thermophilic fungus Acrophialophora nainiana by ultrafiltration and a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatographic procedures. The molecular masses of PECI were 35,500 and 30,749 Da, as determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, respectively. It was more active at 60 degrees C and pH 8.0 and showed high stability at 50 degrees C with half-life of 7 days. However at 60 and 70 degrees C, PECI was much less stable with half lives of approximately 20 and 3 min, respectively. The thermostability of purified PECI was also investigated by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Fluorescence revealed that the unfolding transition region was observed between 45 and 70 degrees C. A major decrease in the stability was found at 70 degrees C. Circular dichroism measurements at pH between 5.0 and 9.0 showed a transition temperature (T(m)) range of 50-55 degrees . The thermodynamic analysis of these results showed that EPGI is thermal stable protein exhibiting maximum stability (DeltaG(25)) of 22.65 and 19.19 kcal/mol at pH 8.0 and 9.0, respectively. The apparent K(m) value on pectin from citrus fruits was 4.22 mgml(-1). PECI exhibited no detectable activity of pectin methylesterase, endo-polygalacturonase, mannanase, xylanase and cellulase. However, it showed exo-polygalacturonase and pectin lyase activities. The presence of carbohydrate was detected in the pure PECI. It was activated by l-tryptophan, DEPC, DTT, DTNB, DTP, l-cystein and beta-mercaptoethanol and inhibited by NBS, Fe(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Al(3+) and Ca(2+). The enzyme showed homology with a pectin lyases from Xanthomonas campestris and Bacillus licheniformis.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of a novel pectinase from Acrophialophora nainiana with emphasis on its physicochemical properties. 1633 7

The effect of carbohydrase enzyme supplementation on energy utilization from full-fat canola seed was investigated in a TMEn assay with adult roosters and in a nutrient digestibility and growth performance study with broiler chickens. In the TMEn assay, enzyme preparations C (cellulase, 340 U/g), XG (xylanase, 63,600 U/g and glucanase, 48,300 U/g), P (pectinase, 10,000 U/g), and MC (mannanase, 10,900 U/g and cellulase, 600 U/ g), alone and in combination (C + P, C + XG, C + MC, P + XG, P + MC, XG + MC, C + P + XG, C + P + MC, and C + P + XG + MC), were evaluated at an inclusion level of 0.1%. On average, hammer-milled canola seed with a TMEn content of 3,642 kcal/kg showed an increase (P < 0.05) to 4,783 kcal/kg following supplementation with the enzyme blends C + P + XG, C + P + MC, and C + P + XG + MC. A similar pattern of increase (P < 0.05) in fat (80.4 vs. 63.5%) and nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP; 20.4 vs. 4.4%) digestibilities was observed. Enzyme combination C + P + XG was further evaluated in a 2-wk (5- to 18-d) trial with broiler chickens fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic corn and soybean meal-based diets containing canola seed (15%), the corresponding canola meal (8.85%) plus canola oil (6.15%) mixture, or canola seed (15%) supplemented with 3 different levels (0.002, 0.01, or 0.05%) of the enzyme. Poorer (P < 0.05) feed:gain (1.412 vs. 1.344), lower (P < 0.05) total tract DM (65.9 vs. 70.7%) and fat (69.6 vs. 88.0%) digestibilities, lower AMEn content (2,963 vs. 3,200 kcal/kg), and lower ileal fat (65.6 vs. 85.6%) and protein (75.6 vs. 81.2%) digestibilities were observed for the canola seed diet compared with the canola meal plus canola oil diet. Enzyme supplementation of the canola seed diet resulted in an improvement (P < 0.05) in feed:gain; total tract DM, fat, and NSP digestibilities; AMEn content; and ileal fat digestibility. Although the enzyme effect on ileal and total tract fat digestibilities was significant at both high and medium inclusion levels, other parameters showed the significant improvement only when the highest inclusion rate of enzyme was used. These data support the need for carbohydrase enzyme supplements in poultry diets containing full-fat canola seed.
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PMID:The use of enzyme technology for improved energy utilization from full-fat oilseeds. Part I: canola seed. 1677 71

An in vitro incubation study was carried out to determine whether various carbohydrase preparations contained appropriate activities to target nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) of full-fat flaxseed. Enzyme preparations C (cellulase, 340 U/g), XG (xylanase, 63,600 U/g and glucanase, 48,300 U/g), P (pectinase, 10,000 U/g), and MC (mannanase, 10,900 U/g and cellulase, 600 U/ g), alone and in combination (C + P, C + XG, P + XG, C + P + XG, C + P + MC, and C + P + XG + MC), were evaluated. Triplicate samples of defatted flaxseed meal (0.1 g) were incubated with 1% single enzymes or combinations at 45 degrees C and pH 5.2. A more pronounced degradation of NSP was achieved when the enzyme preparations were used in concert. Compared with the control (no enzyme) treatment, the degree of NSP degradation averaged 34.7% when the sample was incubated with the 3 most effective enzyme combinations (C + P + XG, C + P + MC, and C + P + XG + MC). The effect of carbohydrase enzyme supplementation on energy utilization from full-fat flaxseed was investigated in a TMEn assay with adult roosters. When compared with the nonsupplemented sample, an increase (P < 0.05) in TMEn content from 2,717 to 3,751 kcal/kg (on average) was observed for the flaxseed supplemented with enzymes C + P + XG, C + P + MC, and C + P + XG + MC. A similar pattern of increase (P < 0.05) in fat and NSP digestibilities was noted. Enzyme combination C + P + XG was further evaluated in a 2-wk (5- to 18-d) trial with broiler chickens fed a corn and soybean meal-based flaxseed (15%) diet or the flaxseed diet supplemented with the enzyme at 3 different levels: 0.002, 0.01, and 0.05%. When supplemented at the highest level, the enzyme blend improved (P < 0.05) feed:gain, total tract DM, fat and NSP digestibilities, AMEn content, and ileal fat digestibility. No effect of enzyme supplementation, regardless of the level used, on ileal protein digestibility and digesta viscosity was observed. The results of the current study suggest that multiactivity carbohydrase enzyme supplements may be used as a means to improve energy utilization from full-fat flaxseed and, thus, enhance its feeding value for poultry.
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PMID:The use of enzyme technology for improved energy utilization from full-fat oilseeds. Part II: flaxseed. 1677 72

The effects of ground flaxseed (FS) and a multicarbohydrase enzyme (C) supplement on piglet performance, gastrointestinal microbial activity, and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a 28-d trial. The enzyme supplement provided 500 units of pectinase, 50 units of cellulase, 400 units of mannanase, 1,200 units of xylanase, 450 units of glucanase, and 45 units of galactanase per kilogram of diet. Ninety-six pigs were weaned at 17 d of age (BW, 6.1 +/- 0.4 kg, mean +/- SD) and assigned to treatments based on a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, with 6 pens per diet (4 pigs per pen). The diets contained wheat, barley, peas, soybean meal, and canola meal with 0 or 12% FS, and were fed without or with C. Flaxseed was included by changing the levels of the other ingredients to balance the diets for DE and nutrients. Diets had similar nutrient contents and met the NRC (1998) nutrient specifications, with the exception of DE, CP, and AA, which were 95, 94, and 97% of the NRC requirements, respectively. Diets were fed in a 2-phase feeding program (2 wk/phase). Feed intake and BW were measured weekly, and 1 pig per pen with a BW nearest the pen average was bled weekly to evaluate plasma urea nitrogen. On d 28, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen and 1 pig per pen with a BW nearest the pen average was killed to evaluate intestinal microbial activity and nutrient digestibility. A dietary effect on piglet performance was observed only in wk 3, when the FS diets decreased (P = 0.005) ADG and G:F, tended to decrease (P = 0.070) ADFI, and increased (P = 0.027) plasma urea nitrogen. An interaction between FS and C was observed for ileal digesta viscosity (P = 0.045), such that C increased viscosity in the FS diet but had no effect in the non-FS diet. Flaxseed and C interacted to affect ileal ammonia content (P = 0.049), such that in the absence of FS, pigs fed the diet with C had lower ammonia than those on the diet without C. Flaxseed and C affected other ileal parameters independently. Pigs fed the FS diets had decreased (P = 0.003 to 0.033) anaerobic spore counts, organic acid, DM, CP, and nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility compared with pigs fed the non-FS diets, whereas pigs fed the C-supplemented diets had greater (P = 0.009 to 0.061) lactobacilli counts, lactate, DM, and NSP digestibility than pigs fed the unsupplemented diets. In conclusion, FS reduced ileal microbial activity, nutrient digestibilities, and piglet performance in wk 3. The multicarbohydrase supplement increased ileal DM and NSP digestibilities as well as lactobacilli counts and lactate.
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PMID:Growth performance, gastrointestinal microbial activity, and nutrient digestibility in early-weaned pigs fed diets containing flaxseed and carbohydrase enzyme. 1768 4

The phytotoxic effect of allelochemicals is referred to as allelochemical stress and it is considered a biotic stress. Sicyos deppei G. Don (Cucurbitaceae) is an allelopathic weed that causes phytotoxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum, delaying seed germination and severely inhibiting radicle growth. This paper reports in in vitro conditions, the effects of the aqueous leachate of S. deppei-throughout tomato germination times-on (1) the dynamics of starch and sugars metabolism, (2) activity and expression of the cell wall enzymes involved in endosperm weakening that allows the protrusion of the radicle, and (3) whether abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in this altered metabolic processes. Results showed that S. deppei leachate on tomato seed germination mainly caused: (1) delay in starch degradation as well as in sucrose hydrolysis; (2) lower activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, cell wall invertase, and alpha-amylase; being sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene expression down-regulated, and the last two up regulated; (3) also, lower activity of endo beta-mannanase, beta-1,3 glucanase, alpha-galactosidase, and exo-polygalacturonase with altered gene expression; and (4) higher content of ABA during all times of germination. The phytotoxic effect of S. deppei aqueous leachate is because of the sum of many metabolic processes affected during tomato seed germination that finally is evidenced by a strong inhibition of radicle growth.
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PMID:Phytotoxic effects of Sicyos deppei (Cucurbitaceae) in germinating tomato seeds. 1945 4

Corbicula japonica is a typical brackish water bivalve species belonging to the order Veneroida, and it is the most important inland fishery resource in Japan. Corbicula japonica has been suggested to assimilate organic matter from terrestrial plants, unlike Ruditapes philippinarum and Mactra veneriformis, which selectively assimilate organic matter of marine origin. This led us to hypothesize that C. japonica, despite being a suspension feeder, could assimilate cellulosic materials derived from terrestrial plants. In the present study, we measured cellulase and hemicellulase activities in the crystalline styles of C. japonica and other commercially important Veneroida bivalve species in Japan: Ruditapes philippinarum, Meretrix lamarckii and Meretrix lusoria. Corbicula japonica demonstrated notably higher cellulase, xylanase and beta-mannanase activities than the other marine bivalves, suggesting that this species possesses a far greater biochemical capacity to break down the structural polysaccharides of plant cell walls than the other species. In contrast, the beta-1,3-glucanase and pectinase activities of C. japonica were similar to or even lower than those of the others. This is possibly due to the presence of these polysaccharides in the cell walls of diatoms, a principal food of most marine bivalves. Although direct evidence is lacking, the high cellulase, xylanase and beta-mannanase activities of C. japonica may result from adaptation to an upstream estuarine environment where phytoplankton and diatoms are scarce, but plant-derived substances are abundant.
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PMID:A comparative study of cellulase and hemicellulase activities of brackish water clam Corbicula japonica with those of other marine Veneroida bivalves. 1968 15


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