Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.2.1.15 (pectinase)
 2,440 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies were carried out to determine the distribution of the following: (1) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.2.9), (2) ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3), (3) argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5), and (4) argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) in soybean cells grown in suspension culture. Protoplasts were produced from the soybean cells by treatment with cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15); the protoplasts were then ruptured by osmotic shock with distilled water. This treatment was followed by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to isolate various organelle fractions including mitochondria and plastids. Examination of these fractions using specific enzyme assays showed that carbamoylphosphate synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were localized in a fraction found to be composed primarily of plastids. Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase appeared to be associated with either the cytosol or a membrane fraction in close association with the cytosol such as the endoplasmic reticulum or protoplast membrane.
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PMID:The localization within plant cells of enzymes involved in arginine biosynthesis. 56 67

Propagules of Rhizoctonia solani grown in modified Czapek's medium containing sodium polypectate or carboxymethyl cellulose as a sole carbon source produced both extracellular and cell-bound polygalacturonase (PG), and cellulase (Cx), respectively. The cell-bound enzymes can be released to various extents by shaking the germinating propagules in solutions of NaCl, KCl, phosphate buffer, Na2EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate), detergents such as Triton X-100 (octyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanol), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), Celmusol, and distilled water. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) inactivated both PG and Cx but did no affect Cx activity in phosphate buffer solution. PG was more easily released by salts from the mycelium of R. solani than Cx. The release of both enzymes was a passive process and was not due to an osmotic effect. The amount of the cell-bound fraction was correlated with the total amount of the extracellular fraction rather than with the mycelial growth. At least one-third of the cell-bound fractions of both enzymes was found to be associated with the cell wall fraction of the mycelium.
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PMID:Release of cell-bound polygalacturonase and cellulase from mycelium of Rhizoctonia solani. 80 41

Water-soluble and alkaline-soluble crude polysaccharides which were separated from the roots or leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, were compared for their anti-ulcer activity. Of these four polysaccharide fractions, the water-soluble crude polysaccharide fraction (GL-2) from the leaves and the alkaline-soluble crude polysaccharide fraction (GRA-2) from the roots prevented HCl/ethanol-induced ulcerogenesis in mice potently. The most potent fraction, GL-2, was further fractionated into four polysaccharide fractions by precipitation with cethyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the weakly acidic polysaccharide fraction, GL-4, showed the most potent inhibition of gastric lesion formation. The activity of GL-4 decreased after treatment with periodate or digestion with endo-polygalacturonase, indicating that the carbohydrate moiety may contribute to the expression of the activity. GL-4 was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, and the most active purified polysaccharide, GL-4IIb1III was obtained. GL-4IIb1III (average relative molecular mass, 16,000 d) had the nature of a pectic polysaccharide, and was composed mainly of galactose and galacturonic acid with small proportions of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and glucuronic acid. GL-4IIIb1III prevented HCl/ethanol-induced ulcerogenesis in mice dose dependently.
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PMID:Purification of an anti-ulcer polysaccharide from the leaves of Panax ginseng. 147 Jun 69

Three water-soluble polysaccharides have been isolated from flower buds of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (HIB 1,2,3). The neutral polysaccharides (HIB 1 and 2) are composed of arabinans and arabinogalactans of low relative molecular mass. The major fraction was investigated by methylation analysis, pectinase-treatment, mild acid hydrolysis and NMR studies, and it was shown to be a pectin-like molecule (Mr = 10(5)d). The main chain is composed of alpha-1,4-linked GalA (24% methyl-esterified) and alpha-1,2-linked Rha. Side chains are built of Gal and Ara and are connected to the main chain via C-4 of every third Rha. Its structure seems to be different from polysaccharide structures described in other species of the Hibiscus genus and the Malvaceae family. All fractions were assayed for possible immune-modulating effects. All fractions showed some activity, but the main acidic fraction was contaminated with lipopolysaccharide, and therefore its shown activity has to be discussed carefully.
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PMID:Chemical structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. 162 Jul 46

A water extraction of crushed leaves of Nerium oleander yielded 2.3% of a crude polysaccharide. The main fraction (67%) represents a pectic polysaccharide mainly composed of galacturonic acid besides rhamnose, arabinose and galactose. The polysaccharide structure was characterized by NMR, mild acid- and pectinase treatment combined with GC-MS analyses. In vivo tests for a possible antitumor activity did not result in a significant action. Investigation of immunomodulating activity brought some indications for mitogenic activity and a weak macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. Increase of phagocytosis could not be doubtlessly assigned to the polysaccharide due to the high amount of endotoxin in the homogenous fraction OLE 2.
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PMID:[Polysaccharides from Nerium oleander: structure and biological activity]. 179 30

A water-soluble crude polysaccharide fraction (BR-1) prepared from the root of Bupleurum falcatum L. (Japanese name = Saiko) prevented HCl/ethanol induced ulcerogenesis in mice significantly. BR-1 was fractionated into four polysaccharide fractions (BR-2, BR-3, BR-4, and BR-5) by the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and the strongly acidic polysaccharide fraction BR-2 showed the most potent inhibition of gastric lesion formation. When BR-2 was further fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, the most potent anti-ulcer activity was observed in the pectin-like polysaccharide, bupleuran 2IIc. Bupleuran 2IIc was homogeneous as determined by electrophoresis and gel filtration. Bupleuran 2IIc was composed mainly of galacturonic acid with small proportions of arabinose, rhamnose, and galactose, and its average relative molecular mass was estimated to be 63,000 d. BR-2 lost most of its activity after treatment with periodate or digestion with endo-polygalacturonase indicating that the polygalacturonan region and/or the molecular mass may contribute to activity.
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PMID:Purification of anti-ulcer polysaccharides from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum. 181 48

Attachment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains to estuarine microalgae was examined in artificial seawater by viable counts of the organism and direct counts of the bacterial cells after immunoperoxidase staining. Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH)-producing and TDH-non-producing strains of V. parahaemolyticus were found to attach to five estuarine strains of Navicula (diatom alga) in similar levels. The level of the bacterial attachment depended on salinity and temperature of the water, in which the maximum attachment was observed in 15% artificial seawater at 25 degrees C, a typical condition of Hashizu estuary in Japan during summer months. The attachment was inhibited by pectinase digestion of the algal cells. These evidences confirmed the participation of the microalgae to the ecological cycle of V. parahaemolyticus at the estuary.
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PMID:Attachment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains to estuarine algae. 183 Jul 90

"Juzen-Taiho-To" (TJ-48), which is a kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine prepared by decocting a prescription of ten kinds of herbs, has several immunostimulating activities. In order to characterize the active substances for anti-complementary and mitogenic activities, TJ-48 was fractionated. Anti-complementary activity was observed in the water- and methanol-insoluble fraction (F-2) and the crude polysaccharide fraction (F-5), whereas mitogenic activity was only found in F-5. However, other low molecular mass fractions did not show both activities. Methylation analysis indicated that F-2 mainly contained amylopectin-like polysaccharides. Both Pronase digestion and periodate oxidation decreased the anti-complementary activity of F-2, and the beta-amylase-resistant fraction of F-2 still retained the potent anti-complementary activity. When F-5, which has the most potent of both activities, was further fractionated, only the major acidic polysaccharide fraction, F-5-2, showed potent mitogenic activity. Endo-alpha-(1----4)-polygalacturonase digestion showed that F-5-2 mainly contained pectic polysaccharides, and the endo-polygalacturonase treatment of F-5-2 reduced the mitogenic activity but not the anti-complementary activity. F-2 and F-5 each activated the complement system by a different mode of action.
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PMID:Fractionation and characterization of mitogenic and anti-complementary active fractions from kampo (Japanese Herbal) medicine "juzen-taiho-to". 223 95

The cell wall-degrading enzymes polygalacturonase and pectate lyase have been suggested to be crucial for penetration and colonization of plant tissues by some fungal pathogens. We have found that Aspergillus nidulans (= Emericella nidulans), a saprophytic Ascomycete, produces levels of these enzymes equal to those produced by soft-rotting Erwinia species. Induction of polygacturonase and pectate lyase in A. nidulans requires substrate and is completely repressed by glucose. Surprisingly, inoculation of excised plant tissues with A. nidulans conidia leads to formation of necrotic, water-soaked lesions within which the organism sporulates. Thus, A. nidulans has phytopathogenic potential. The release of glucose and other sugars from wounded tissues may repress pectolytic enzyme production and limit disease development. Therefore, we tested creA204, a mutation that relieves glucose repression of some A. nidulans carbon utilization enzymes, for its effect on production of pectolytic enzymes. creA204 failed to relieve catabolite repression of polygalacturonase or pectate lyase and had no effect on disease severity.
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PMID:Production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Aspergillus nidulans: a model system for fungal pathogenesis of plants. 253 1

Four pectic polysaccharides (AR-2IIa-IId) with anti-complementary activity have been isolated from a hot-water extract of the root of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa. Each of these polysaccharides contained a large proportion of GalA together with neutral sugars consisting mainly of Rha, Ara, and Gal. Digestion with endo-alpha-(1----4)-polygalacturonase indicated that AR-2IIa-IIc each contained a large proportion of enzyme-sensitive polygalacturonan regions, and that AR-2IId contained a large proportion of enzyme-resistant regions. When AR-2IId was de-esterified, it became sensitive to the enzyme. These polysaccharides also contained small proportions of enzyme-resistant regions (PG-1) which were rich in neutral sugars. Methylation analysis and base-catalysed beta-elimination studies suggested that each PG-1 contained a rhamnogalacturonan moiety in which 2,4-disubstituted Rha was attached to 4-substituted GalA through position 2 of Rha. Carboxyl-reduction and methyl- and de-esterification of these polysaccharides modulated their anti-complementary activities. Digestion with endo-alpha-(1----4)-polygalacturonase decreased the activities of AR-2IIa and -2IIb, but not those of AR-2IIc and -2IId. Although PG-1 fractions from AR-2IIa-IIc were more active than the original polysaccharides, oligogalacturonide fragments obtained by enzymic digestion had weak or negligible activity. AR-2IIa-IIc expressed their anti-complementary activities mainly via the classical pathway, but AR-2IId and each PG-1 expressed their activities via both the classical and alternative pathways.
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PMID:Structure and anti-complementary activity of pectic polysaccharides isolated from the root of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa. 324 5


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