Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.15 (pectinase)
 2,440 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The two types of colonial variants of Mycobacterium avium complex, SmT (smooth, transparent, irregular) and SmD (smooth, opaque, dome-shaped) variants, were examined for their triggering activity for macrophage (M phi) respiratory burst, based on chemiluminescence (CL). SmD variants elicited an intense CL from zymosan A-induced M phi s in a dose-dependent manner, although SmT variants induced much lower M phi CL. The M phi s could steadily phagocytose SmT variants, although the phagocytizing rate was considerably lower compared to the case of SmD variants. Treatments of SmD variants with Tween 80, pronase and some endoglycosidases such as alpha-amylase, cellulase, dextranase and pectinase, heating (100 degrees C, 15 min), and delipidation by CHCl3-methanol extraction resulted in a marked reduction in the M phi CL-triggering activity of the SmD variants. Thus, the M phi CL-triggering ligand(s) seems to possess glycolipoprotein-like moieties. Tween 80-treatment of SmT variants, which is known to deprive the polysaccharide outer layer specific to the colonial variants, failed to recover the M phi CL-triggering activity of SmT variants. Therefore, the remarkably reduced M phi CL-triggering ability of the SmT variants may be caused by the extremely lowered expression of the M phi CL-triggering ligands rather than by masking of the CL-triggering ligands by SmT-specific outer layer.
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PMID:[Macrophage respiratory burst-triggering activity of transparent and opaque colonial variants of Mycobacterium avium complex]. 279 11

Small bacteriocin is a low-molecular-weight bacteriocin which is common in fast-growing rhizobia. As its activity could not be detected in chloroform-sterilized culture supernatants (P.R. Hirsch, J. Gen. Microbiol. 113:219-228, 1979), the bacteriocin could not be purified in order to study its mechanism of action. We report here that small is soluble in chloroform, an observation which led to effective and simple (partial) purification. Other properties of small are its low molecular weight, which is estimated to be between 700 and 1,500, its resistance to proteolytic enzymes, pectinase, and lysozyme, and its heat stability at pH 5.5 but not at pH 7.0. Its bactericidal action on exponentially growing sensitive cells was not detected until 11 h after its addition. The bactericidal action was preceded by inhibition of cell division. To determine whether small activity is required for nodulation or nitrogen fixation, a transposon Tn5-induced small-negative mutant was isolated. The observation that this strain formed normal, acetylene-reducing root nodules showed that small production is not a prerequisite for the formation of effective nodules.
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PMID:Bacteriocin small of fast-growing rhizobia is chloroform soluble and is not required for effective nodulation. 399 74

Polygalacturonate 4-[alpha]-galacturonosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.43) activity has been identified in microsomal membranes isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun) cell-suspension cultures. Incubation of UDP-[14C]galacturonic acid with tobacco membranes results in a time-dependent incorporation of [14C]galacturonic acid into a chloroform-methanol-precipitable and 65% ethanol-insoluble product. The optimal synthesis of product occurs at a pH of 7.8, 25 to 30[deg]C, an apparent Km for UDP-D-galacturonic acid of approximately 8.9 [mu]M, and a Vmax of approximately 150 pmol min-1 mg-1 protein. The product was characterized by scintillation counting, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration chromatography in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. The intact product has a molecular mass of approximately 105,000 D based on dextran molecular standards. The product was treated with base to hydrolyze ester linkages (e.g. methyl esters), digested with a homogeneous endopolygalacturonase (EPGase), or base and EPGase treated. Base and EPGase treatment results in cleavage of 34 to 89% of 14C-labeled product into components that co-chromatograph with mono-, di-, and trigalacturonic acid, indicating that a large portion of product contains contiguous 1,4-linked [alpha]-D-galactosyluronic acid residues. Optimal EPGase fragmentation of the product requires base treatment prior to enzymatic digestion, suggesting that 45 to 67% of the galacturonic acid residues in the synthesized homogalacturonan are esterified. At least 40% of the base-sensitive linkages were shown to be methyl esters by comparing the sensitivity of base-treated and pectin methylesterase-treated products to fragmentation by EPGase.
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PMID:Cell-Free Synthesis of Pectin (Identification and Partial Characterization of Polygalacturonate 4-[alpha]-Galacturonosyltransferase and Its Products from Membrane Preparations of Tobacco Cell-Suspension Cultures). 1222 86

The present study characterized the ability of a bacterial cutinase to improve the wettability of raw cotton fabrics by specific hydrolysis of the cutin structure of the cuticle. The effect of cutinase was studied alone and in coreaction with pectin lyase. The changes in both the fabric and the reaction fluid were measured and compared to enzymatic hydrolysis with polygalacturonase, and to chemical hydrolysis with boiling NaOH. Water absorbancy, specific staining, fabric weight loss, and evaporative light-scattering reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of chloroform extract of the reaction fluid were measured to assess the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cuticle waxy layer. The pattern and extent of hydrolysis of the major cuticle constituents depended on the enzyme type and titers employed and paralleled the degree of wettability obtained. The combination of cutinase and pectin lyase resulted in a synergistic effect. The use of detergents improved enzymatic scouring. The major products released to the reaction medium by the cutinase treatment were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis as C:16 and C:18 saturated fatty acid chains.
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PMID:Potential use of cutinase in enzymatic scouring of cotton fiber cuticle. 1239 30

The study used Actinidia deliciosa endosperm-derived callus to investigate aspects of the morphology, histology and chemistry of extracellular matrix (ECM) structures in morphogenically stable tissue from long-term culture. SEM showed ECM as a membranous layer or reticulated fibrillar and granular structure linking the peripheral cells of callus domains. TEM confirmed that ECM is a distinct heterogeneous layer, up to 4 mum thick and consisting of amorphous dark-staining material, osmiophilic granules and reticulated fibres present outside the outer callus cell wall. ECM covered the surface of cells forming morphogenic domains and was reduced during organ growth. This structure may be linked to acquisition of morphogenic competence and thus may serve as a structural marker of it in endosperm-derived callus. ECM was also observed on senescent cells in contact with the morphogenic area. Treatment of living calluses with chloroform and washing with ether-methanol led to partial destruction of the extracellular layer. Digestion with pectinase removed the membranous layer almost completely and exposed thick fibrillar strands and granular remnants. Digestion with protease did not visibly affect the surface layer. Indirect immunofluorescence showed low-methylesterified pectic epitopes labelled by JIM5 monoclonal antibody. Immunolabelling, histochemistry, and solvent and enzyme treatments suggested pectins and lipids as components of the surface layer. These compounds may indicate protective, water retention and/or cell communication functions for this external layer.
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PMID:Ultrastructure and histochemical analysis of extracellular matrix surface network in kiwifruit endosperm-derived callus culture. 1834 Apr 50

Cell walls of the periderm of native potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Primura) consist of a primary wall, a suberized secondary wall and a tertiary wall. With a mixture of pectinase and cellulase intact periderm membranes can be isolated. Isolation does not affect fine structure. It is suggested that the lignin in the middle lamellae and primary walls prevents the enzymes from digesting pectinaceous materials and cellulose. In specimens fixed with OsO4, the suberized walls appear as alternating electrondense and electron-lucent lamellae. This lamellar architecture is not altered by extraction with chloroform. Therefore, the current view that the electronlucent lamellae consist of soluble lipids (waxes) can no longer be maintained. It is argued that the lamellation is a property of the suberin itself, and the suberized wall consists of alternating layers of suberins differing in polarity. A hypothesis of suberin assembly from sub-units is advanced and the subunits are shown for the first time.
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PMID:Fine structure of isolated and non-isolated potato tuber periderm. 2427 21

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major foodborne virus causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. Salad products can be vectors of transmission for foodborne viruses such as HuNoV when these products are contaminated naturally or through unsanitary food handling. Therefore, development of simple, reliable and sensitive techniques for the detection of HuNoV in salad products is needed to ensure food safety. The purpose of our study was to optimize a method for the detection of HuNoV in artificially contaminated salad products. To this end, 2 different kinds of salads (fruit salads and vegetable salads) were experimentally inoculated with HuNoV GI, HuNoV GII, and MS2 suspensions. The selected method was based on treatment with pectinase followed by Trizol-chloroform purification, and the recovery efficiencies were 6.07% to 26.52% for HuNoV GI and 5.54% to 37.36% for HuNoV GII. MS2 was used as the process control, and the recovery efficiencies for fruit salad and vegetable salad samples were 38.57% and 41.13%, respectively. The optimized method could be applied in diagnostic laboratories to identify NoV contamination in composite foods, such as salad products, should an event of foodborne outbreak occur.
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PMID:Evaluation of an Extraction Method for the Detection of GI and GII Noroviruses in Fruit and Vegetable Salads. 2928 6