Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.15 (pectinase)
 2,440 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The out genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi are required for the translocation across the outer membrane of pectate lyases and cellulases. We present the characterization and the nucleotide sequence of five genes of the out cluster. The products of outS, B, C, D and E have significant homology with the PulS, B, C, D and E proteins necessary to the secretion of pullulanase in Klebsiella pneumoniae. An open reading frame, outT, located between outB and outC has no homology with the pul cluster but is involved in secretion. outC, outD and outE form an operon while outS, outB and outT constitute independent transcription units. outT and the outCDE operon are regulated by kdgR, the negative regulatory gene controlling pectinase production. outB and outS seem to be expressed constitutively.
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PMID:Some of the out genes involved in the secretion of pectate lyases in Erwinia chrysanthemi are regulated by kdgR. 145 58

A decade ago, Pugsley and colleagues reported the existence of a large region of Klebsiella DNA, distinct from the Klebsiella gene encoding pullulanase, which was necessary for secretion of this enzyme to the cell surface in Escherichia coli (d'Enfert et al., 1987a,b). The pul genes it contained proved to be the tip of an iceberg. The sequences reported before 1992 (d'Enfert et al., 1987a,b; d'Enfert & Pugsley, 1989; Pugsley & Reyss, 1990; Reyss & Pugsley, 1990) included only one gene (pulD) that matched any sequence in the data base; a 220 amino acid residue segment of PulD was 32% identical with a portion of the filamentous phage-encoded protein, pIV. But by the time the sequence of the 18.8 kb DNA fragment that contained the pul genes had been completed (Possot et al., 1992), reports of sets of homologous genes in several species of Gram-negative plant and animal pathogens had appeared. For the most part, these gene clusters were cloned by their ability to complement mutants that produced, but failed to secrete, proteins normally found in the extracellular milieu; when tested, the mutants showed reduced pathogenicity or were totally avirulent. The secreted proteins included hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase and pectinase from plant pathogens, and proteases and toxins from animal pathogens. The multi-gene family necessary for secretion of these enzymes is now known as the type II system or the main terminal branch (MTB) of the general secretion pathway (GSP). As summarized by Pugsley et al. (1997), the current tally includes type II systems from Klebsiella oxytoca (pul), Erwinia chrysanthemi and carotovora (out), Xanthomonas campestris (xps), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (xcp), Aeromonas hydrophila (exe), and Vibrio cholerae (eps). A second type II system (sps) necessary for deposition of the S-layer on the cell surface in A. hydrophila is more similar to the X. campestris than A. hydrophila genes (Thomas & Trust, 1995). The biggest surprise has been the discovery of a complete set of type II secretion genes in E. coli K12. The E. coli genes are not expressed under normal growth conditions, and a search is underway to find inducing conditions and secretion substrates (Francetic & Pugsley, 1996). Impressive progress has already been made in defining components of the pathway. What remains to be understood in mechanistic detail is how this protein secretion system functions.
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PMID:Macromolecular assembly and secretion across the bacterial cell envelope: type II protein secretion systems. 964 73

This research is a comparative study on the diversity of halophilic bacteria with hydrolytic activities in three significant hypersaline lakes; Urmia in the northwest and Howz-Soltan and Aran-Bidgol in the central desert in Iran. Isolated strains from these saline lakes were found to be halotolerant, moderately and extremely halophilic bacteria. The bacteria in each saline lake were able to produce different hydrolytic enzymes including amylase, protease, lipase, DNase, inulinase, xylanase, carboxy methyl cellulase, pectinase and pullulanase. 188, 302, 91 halophilic strains were isolated from Urmia Lake, Howz-Soltan and Aran-Bidgol playa, respectively. The numbers of Gram-positive strains were more than Gram-negatives, and among Gram-positive bacteria; spore-forming bacilli were most abundant. Due to the unique physico-chemical conditions of the lake environments, the hydrolytic activities of isolated strains were significantly different. For instance, isolated strains from Howz-Soltan playa did not produce pectinase, DNase, amylase, lipase and inulinase, while the isolates from Aran-Bidgol playa had a great ability to produce pectinase and DNase. The strains from Urmia Lake were also good producers of DNase but failed to show any chitinase activity. The diversity of halophilic bacteria from the mentioned three saline lakes was also determined using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA followed by phylogenetic analysis of the partial 16S rRNA sequences.
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PMID:Comparison of bacterial biodiversity and enzyme production in three hypersaline lakes; urmia, howz-soltan and aran-bidgol. 2532 Apr 44