Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.15 (pectinase)
 2,440 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plant parasitic nematodes have been, so far, refractory to transformation or mutagenesis. The functional analysis of nematode genes relies on the development of reverse genetic tools adapted to these obligate parasites. Here, we describe the application of RNA interference (RNAi) to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita for the knock-down of two genes expressed in the subventral esophageal glands of the nematode and potentially involved in parasitism, the calreticulin (Mi-crt) and the polygalacturonase (Mi-pg-1) genes. Incubation in 1% resorcinol for 4 h induced double-stranded RNA uptake through the alimentary track of the nematodes and led to up to 92% depletion of Mi-crt transcripts. Timecourse analysis of the silencing showed different temporal patterns for Mi-crt and Mi-pg-1. The silencing of Mi-crt was optimal 20 h after soaking, whereas the silencing of Mi-pg-1 was optimal 44 h after soaking. For the two genes, the silencing effect was highly time-limited, since no transcript depletion was detectable 68 h after soaking.
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PMID:Application of RNA interference to root-knot nematode genes encoding esophageal gland proteins. 1604 6

Many hemipteroids are major pests and vectors of microbial pathogens, infecting crops. Saliva of the hemipteroids is critical in enabling them to be voracious feeders on plants, including the economically important ones. A plethora of hemipteroid salivary enzymes is known to inflict stress in plants, either by degrading the plant tissue or by affecting their normal metabolism. Hemipteroids utilize one of the following three strategies of feeding behaviour: salivary sheath feeding, osmotic-pump feeding and cell-rupture feeding. The last strategy also includes several different tactics such as lacerate-and-flush, lacerate-and-sip and macerate-and-flush. Understanding hemipteroid feeding mechanisms is critical, since feeding behaviour directs salivary composition. Saliva of the Heteroptera that are specialized as fruit and seed feeders, includes cell-degrading enzymes, auchenorrhynchan salivary composition also predominantly consists of cell-degrading enzymes such as amylase and protease, whereas that of the Sternorhyncha includes a variety of allelochemical-detoxifying enzymes. Little is known about the salivary composition of the Thysanoptera. Cell-degrading proteins such as amylase, pectinase, cellulase and pectinesterase enable stylet entry into the plant tissue. In contrast, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, laccase and trehalase detoxify plant chemicals, enabling the circumvention of plant-defence mechanisms. Salivary enzymes such as M1-zinc metalloprotease and CLIP-domain serine protease as in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Aphididae), and non-enzymatic proteins such as apolipophorin, ficolin-3-like protein and 'lava-lamp' protein as in Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) have the capacity to alter host-plant-defence mechanisms. A majority of the hemipteroids feed on phloem, hence Ca++-binding proteins such as C002 protein, calreticulin-like isoform 1 and calmodulin (critical for preventing sieve-plate occlusion) are increasingly being recognized in hemipteroid-plant interactions. Determination of a staggering variety of proteins shows the complexity of hemipteroid saliva: effector proteins localized in hemipteran saliva suggest a similarity to the physiology of pathogen-plant interactions.
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PMID:Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids - implication in phytophagy. 2428 6