Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.2.1.108 (lactase)
 2,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Rats were fed with the elemental diet Vivonex for 1 or 3 months and their jejunal histology was compared with that of an equal number of rats fed on a normal diet. 2. After 1 month of Vivonex feeding a significant reduction in the ratio of crypt height: villus height (CH:VH) was found in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 4) compared with the control rats (n = 4) (P less than 0.05). 3. After 3 months the CH:VH ratio was also reduced in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 18) compared with control rats (n = 18) (P less than 0.002). Villus height was significantly increased (P less than 0.002) and crypt height decreased (P less than 0.05). 4. Jejunal protein content, alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase activity were also determined in 12 control and 12 Vivonex-fed rats from the 3 months study. 5. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased from a control value of 201 +/- 8 to 243 +/- 15 munits/cm in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 12) (P less than 0.05) but no significant changes in lactase, sucrase or maltase activites were found. The observed decrease in the CH:VH ratio suggested an improved survival of the mature enterocyte population during elemental diet feeding.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1978 Nov
PMID:Small-intestinal changes induced by an elemental diet (Vivonex) in normal rats. 72 6

In this study the influence of 14 antibiotics, 12 of them orally applicable, on human enterokinase was investigated. The effects of these substances on the activities of human disaccharidases were also examined. The enterokinase activity is more sensitive to the studied antibiotics than is human lactase, saccharase or isomaltase. Unphysiologically high concentrations of penicillins, cephalexin and chloramphenicol (10(-2) Mol/l) inhibited enterokinase, tetracycline (doxycycline) in a dose of 10(-3) m reduced the activity of this enzyme by 50%, neomycinsulphate and the sulphates of polymyxin B and E have no effect on the disaccharidases. On the contrary, these substances are the best inhibitors of enterokinase among the tested antibiotics. Neomycin or polymyxin (10(-4) Mol/l) causes a 50% inhibition of a physiological quantity of this enzyme. Therapeutic doses of both antibiotics may reduce the enterokinase activity by 70% to 90%, while the activity of trypsin is not affected unless a concentration greater than 10(-2) m is used. The inhibition is not only caused by the anion (SO4) of these antibiotics, since sulphates reduce the enterokinase only in concentrations higher than 10(-3) Mol/l in man. The mechanism of inhibition is not effected by binding cholic acids under test conditions. Both polymyxin and neomycin inhibit the enterokinase activity with and without glycodeoxycholic acid. Further studies showed that the type of inhibition is competitive in both cases. The inhibition constant K2 of neomycin-B-sulphate is 8.7X10(-5) Mol/l, of polymyxin-E-sulphate 8.6X10(-5) Mol/l. The inhibition type of penicillins, cephalosporins and doxycycline is noncompetitive, thus contrasting that of neomycin and polymyxin.
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PMID:[The influence of orally applicable antibiotics on the activities of human enterokinase and disaccharidases (author's transl)]. 98 20

The 225 kDa precursor of intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) consists of four tandemly-organized homologous domains flanked by a signal peptide at the N-end and by a transmembrane anchor at the C-end of the polypeptide chain. While the mature LPH of 130 kDa has already been shown to originate from the C-half of the precursor, no protein deriving from the N-half has been identified so far. Using monospecific antibodies raised against the mature LPH or against a recombinant protein containing the sequence of the N-end of the LPH precursor, we have searched for co-translated protein(s) of LPH in enterocytes and in the intestinal lumen of suckling rats. Since no additional protein to LPH was revealed by these antibodies, it is suggested that the polypeptide chain corresponding to the N-half of the LPH precursor undergoes rapid turnover.
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1992 Nov
PMID:Do co-translated product(s) of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase accumulate in the rat intestine? 147 99

The effect of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones on lactase expression was investigated along the small intestine of rats. In sucklings thyroxine injections promoted a precocious drop of enzyme activity but not of mRNA. Hydrocortisone did neither modify lactase activity nor its mRNA expression. In adults decreasing the amount of thyroid hormones led to a slight and reversible increase of the lactase mRNA content whereas lactase activity rised more dramatically. Thus, thyroid hormones in contrast to corticoids, are involved in the posttranscriptional control of lactase during the suckling period. Yet, none of these hormones might induced the modification of the longitudinal distribution of the lactase mRNA that occurred at weaning.
Cell Mol Biol 1991
PMID:Rat lactase activity and mRNA expression in relation to the thyroid and corticoid status. 193 18

The distribution of the mRNA for intestinal aminopeptidase-N, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase and sucrase-isomaltase was compared during rat postnatal development as well as along the longitudinal axis of the intestinal tract including small-intestine and colon. We found out that each mRNA exhibited a specific pattern of accumulation, suggesting proper regulation steps for the expression of the corresponding digestive enzymes.
Cell Mol Biol 1990
PMID:Comparative expression of the mRNA for three intestinal hydrolases during postnatal development in the rat. 212 44

Two genetic procedures were used to obtain amino acid replacements in the lacZ-encoded beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. Amino acid replacements could be obtained without regard to their effects on lactase activity by selecting spontaneous mutations that relieved the strong polarity of six nonsense mutations. When streaked on MacConkey-lactose indicator plates, approximately 75% of these mutants gave strong red lactose-fermenting colonies, and 25% gave white nonfermenting colonies. Mutants from 11 other nonsense codons were isolated directly using MacConkey-lactose indicator plates, on which positive color indication requires only 0.5% of the wildtype lactase activity. Among the total of 17 codons, 25 variant beta-galactosidases were identified using electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies. The fitness effects of these variant beta-galactosidases were determined using competition experiments conducted with lactose as the sole nutrient limiting the growth rate in chemostat cultures. Three of the replacements were deleterious, one was selectively advantageous, and the selective effects of the remaining 21 were undetectable under conditions in which the smallest detectable selection coefficient was approximately 0.4%/generation.
Mol Biol Evol 1988 Sep
PMID:Fitness effects of amino acid replacements in the beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli. 314 44

Lactase activity is present at high levels in the small intestine of some human adults and not others. This is due to a genetically determined polymorphism which affects the developmental regulation of the expression of the lactase gene. This polymorphism is of considerable interest in relation to cultural differences in nutrition but despite exhaustive studies, the molecular basis has not yet been found. It has not even been shown whether the sequence differences reside within or adjacent to the lactase gene itself or in a trans-acting factor. We have therefore exploited known DNA 'marker' polymorphisms within the exons of the lactase gene to examine the expression of the individual lactase mRNA transcripts from persistent and non-persistent individuals in order to determine whether the regulation is in cis or trans. Our results show that in certain lactase persistent individuals one allele of the lactase gene is expressed at much lower levels than the other and these individuals tend to have intermediate lactase activities. It is proposed that these people are heterozygous for the lactase persistence and non-persistence alleles and that this means that the nucleotide substitutions responsible for the lactase persistence/non-persistence polymorphism are cis-acting. This narrows down considerably the area of the genome that needs to be searched for the relevant sequence differences.
Hum Mol Genet 1995 Apr
PMID:The lactase persistence/non-persistence polymorphism is controlled by a cis-acting element. 754 18

Glycosidases, which cleave the glycosidic bond between a carbohydrate and another moiety, have been classified into over 63 families. Here, a variety of computational techniques have been employed to examine three families important in normal and abnormal pathology with the aim of developing a framework for future homology modeling, experimental and other studies. Family 1 includes bacterial and archaeal enzymes as well as lactase phlorizin-hydrolase and klotho, glycosidases implicated in disaccharide intolerance II and aging respectively. A statistical model, a hidden Markov model (HMM), for the family 1 glycosidase domain was trained and used as the basis for comparative examination of the conserved and variable sequence and structural features as well as the phylogenetic relationships between family members. Although the structures of four family 1 glycosidases have been determined, this is the first comparative examination of all these enzymes. Aspects that are unique to specific members or subfamilies (substrate binding loops) as well those common to all members (a beta/alpha)8 barrel fold) have been defined. Active site residues in some domains in klotho and lactase-phlorizin hydrolases differ from other members and in one instance may bind but not cleave substrate. The four invariant and most highly conserved residues are not residues implicated in catalysis and/or substrate binding. Of these, a histidine may be involved in transition state stabilization. Glucosylceramidase (family 30) and galactosylceramidase (family 59) are mutated in the lysosomal storage disorders Gaucher disease and Krabbe disease, respectively. HMM-based analysis, structure prediction studies and examination of disease mutations reveal a glycosidase domain common to these two families that also occurs in some bacterial glycosidases. Similarities in the reactions catalyzed by families 30 and 59 are reflected in the presence of a structurally and functionally related (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold related to that in family 1.
Blood Cells Mol Dis 1998 Jun
PMID:Sequence, structural, functional, and phylogenetic analyses of three glycosidase families. 977 94

Two beta-glycosidases (BG) (Mr 47,000 and Mr 50,000) were purified from Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) midguts. These two polypeptides associate or dissociate depending on the medium ionic strength. The Mr 47,000 BG probably has two active sites. One of the putative active sites (cellobiase site) hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside (NPbetaGlu) (79% of the total activity in saturated enzyme), cellobiose, amygdalin and probably also cellotriose, cellotetraose and cellopentaose. The cellobiase site has four subsites for glucose residue binding, as can be deduced from cellodextrin cleavage data. The enzymatic activity in this site is abolished after carbodiimide modification at pH 6.0. Since the inactivation is reduced in the presence of cellobiose, the results suggest the presence of a carboxylate as a catalytic group. The other active site of Mr 47,000 BG (galactosidase site) hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside (NPbetaGal) better than NPbetaGlu, cleaves glucosylceramide and lactose and is unable to act on cellobiose, cellodextrins and amygdalin. This active site is not modified by carbodiimide at pH 6.0. The Mr 47,000 BG N-terminal sequence has high identity to plant beta-glycosidases and to mammalian lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, and contains the QIEGA motif, characteristic of the family of glycosyl hydrolases. The putative physiological role of this enzyme is the digestion of glycolipids (galactosidase site) and di- and oligosaccharides (cellobiase site) derived from hemicelluloses, thus resembling mammalian lactase-phlorizin hydrolase.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000 Dec
PMID:Purification and properties of a beta-glycosidase purified from midgut cells of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) larvae. 1104 60

Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, a brush-border membrane disaccharidase, is a marker of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and digestive function. The intestine is susceptible to conditions of hypoxia resulting from vascular perfusion deficits. We hypothesized that lactase gene induction may provide a mechanism to efficiently increase nutrient energy substrates during gut hypoxia. These studies sought to characterize expression of the lactase gene in response to hypoxia and to characterize a role for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) in mediating the hypoxic response. Microarray analysis and confirmatory RT-PCR identified a 4-fold induction of lactase mRNA abundance in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells exposed to hypoxia. Lactase promoter activity was similarly induced by hypoxia in cells stably transfected with a 2.0-kb 5' flanking region of the rat lactase gene linked to a reporter gene. Transient cotransfection with HIF-1alpha and beta stimulated lactase promoter activity 2.4- and 3.5-fold under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. We conclude that HIF-1 can activate the lactase promoter in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Induction of lactase transcription may represent an adaptive response to gut hypoxia.
Mol Genet Metab 2002 Jan
PMID:Lactase gene transcription is activated in response to hypoxia in intestinal epithelial cells. 1182 65


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