Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.6.4 (chondroitinase)
 2,039 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have studied the binding, uptake, and degradation of a recombinant form of apolipoprotein[a] (r-apo[a]) using a cultured cell model. In HepG2 cells and in human fibroblasts, r-apo[a] complexed with low density lipoprotein(LDL) is bound and internalized via high affinity (Kd = 10 nM) receptors; in both cell types, low affinity (Kd = 200-300 nM) sites also mediate free apo[a] uptake. Using competition studies, we found that the high affinity binding component corresponds to the LDL receptor. Involvement of the LDL receptor in r-apo[a] uptake by fibroblasts was confirmed using fibroblasts derived from an individual homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia; in contrast to normal fibroblasts, these cells lacked the high affinity r-apo[a] binding component. Cell association of 125I-labeled r-apo[a] was increased and decreased concomitantly with the up- and down-regulation of the LDL receptor in response to a number of compounds. The addition of alpha 2-macroglobulin as well as treatment with heparinase, chondroitinase ABC, and sodium chlorate did not decrease total specific binding of r-apo[a], suggesting that neither the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein nor cell surface proteoglycans are involved in r-apo[a] clearance. The low affinity binding component present in both fibroblasts and HepG2 cells likely corresponds to the plasminogen receptor, as binding of r-apo[a] to these sites was specifically decreased by the addition of plasminogen or the lysine analogue epsilon-aminocaproic acid, but not by the addition of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Heparin abolished uptake of r-apo[a] by the LDL receptor component only; this indicates that apo[a] must be associated with LDL to be cleared by this receptor. In contrast, free apo[a] can be effectively cleared by the plasminogen receptor which may represent a significant route of clearance for free apo[a] in vivo.
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PMID:Interaction of a recombinant form of apolipoprotein[a] with human fibroblasts and with the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. 872 15

Pigeon and rabbit beta-migrating very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) are similar in size and composition, yet rabbit beta-VLDL consistently stimulates greater cholesteryl ester accumulation in pigeon peritoneal macrophages than does pigeon beta-VLDL. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of this difference. Pigeon beta-VLDL bound to both a high and low affinity site while rabbit beta-VLDL bound primarily to a low affinity site. The high affinity site had the characteristics of the LDL receptor. Most rabbit beta-VLDL and some pigeon beta-VLDL bound to the low affinity site that was not down-regulated by cholesterol loading. beta-VLDL binding to the low affinity site and subsequent internalization and degradation were mediated by cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Evidence for this includes inhibition of binding and uptake by chlorate, which prevents sulfation of proteoglycans, and by treatment with heparinase but not chondroitinase ABC. beta-VLDL uptake was stimulated by lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and apolipoprotein E (apoE), both known to bind HSPGs. Uptake and degradation of beta-VLDL were not mediated by the LDL receptor or the alpha(2)MR/LRP. Thus, binding of beta-VLDL to low affinity, high capacity HSPG binding sites on pigeon macrophages appears to directly promote internalization and degradation and is largely responsible for the greater ability of rabbit beta-VLDL to stimulate cholesterol accumulation.
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PMID:Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate internalization and degradation of beta-VLDL and promote cholesterol accumulation by pigeon macrophages. 914 91

The murine macrophage cell line J774 was incubated with [35S]sulphate. The cell-associated 35S-labelled macromolecules were shown to be proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in similar amounts. The possible presence of cell-surface proteoglycans was investigated by incubating [35S]sulphate-labelled cells with trypsin for 15 min. The released material contained approx. 70% free glycosaminoglycan chains and 30% proteoglycans. The latter component was demonstrated by HNO2 treatment to contain heparan sulphate. In the total cell fraction not treated with trypsin a small but significant portion was shown to be chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. The cell-associated glycosaminoglycans contained both chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate. To investigate possible biological functions of cell-surface proteoglycans in macrophages, cells were incubated with NaClO3 to inhibit sulphation of proteoglycans and beta-d-xyloside to abrogate proteoglycan expression. The uptake of oxidized 125I-tyraminylcellobiose-labelled low-density lipoprotein (125I-TC-LDL) was typically two to three times higher than that of native 125I-TC-LDL in untreated J774 cells. The cellular uptake at 37 degreesC of native 125I-TC-LDL was decreased 25% after both NaClO3 and xyloside treatment, whereas the uptake of oxidized 125I-TC-LDL was decreased 35% after both types of treatment. The mRNA levels for the scavenger receptor A-II and the LDL receptor were not affected by NaClO3 or xyloside treatment. Furthermore, fluid-phase endocytosis, measured as uptake of horseradish peroxidase, and receptor-mediated endocytosis, measured as uptake of 125I-TC-ovalbumin, were not affected by NaClO3 treatment of J774 cells. Removal of cell-surface chondroitin sulphate with chondroitinase ABC decreased only the binding of native 125I-TC-LDL, whereas removal of heparan sulphate with heparitinase decreased the binding of both oxidized and native 125I-TC-LDL. Addition of lipoprotein lipase increased the uptake of oxidized 125I-TC-LDL 1.7 times and the uptake of native 125I-TC-LDL 2.1 times. The binding of the former was more sensitive to NaClO3 treatment than the latter. The results presented support the notion that some of the uptake pathways for lipoproteins in the foam-cell-forming macrophages depend on the presence of cell-surface heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate.
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PMID:Proteoglycans in macrophages: characterization and possible role in the cellular uptake of lipoproteins. 956 Mar

Small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles have altered apolipoprotein (apo) B conformation and lowered affinity for the LDL receptor (J. Biol. Chem. 1994. 269: 511-519). Herein, we examine the interaction of small dense LDL with cell LDL receptor-independent binding sites. Compared to normal LDL, at low LDL cell media concentrations (<10 microg/ml), small dense LDL had decreased specific binding to the LDL receptor on normal fibroblasts at 4 degrees C, but a 2-fold increased binding to LDL receptor-independent cell sites. At higher LDL concentration (100 microg/ ml), LDL receptor-independent binding of small dense LDL was 4.5-fold that of normal LDL in normal fibroblasts, but greater (2- to 14- fold) in LDL receptor-negative fibroblasts. In LDL receptor-negative fibroblasts at 37 degrees C, small dense LDL had higher (3-fold) cell association than normal size LDL but no effective LDL degradation. At high LDL concentrations (> or =100 microg/ml), LDL binding to normal or LDL receptor-negative fibroblasts was not affected by several anti-apoB monoclonal antibodies or by cell pretreatment with proteases, chondroitinase, or neuraminidase. In contrast, pretreating normal and receptor-negative fibroblasts with heparinase and heparitinase decreased LDL cell binding by 35% and 50%, respectively. Similarly, preincubation of receptor-negative fibroblasts with sodium chlorate, an inhibitor of proteoglycan sulfation, decreased LDL binding by about 45%. We hypothesize that small dense LDL might be more atherogenic than normal size LDL due to decreased hepatic clearance by the LDL receptor, and enhanced anchoring to LDL receptor-independent binding sites in extrahepatic tissues (e.g., the arterial wall), a process mediated, in part, by cell surface proteoglycans.
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PMID:Small dense low density lipoprotein has increased affinity for LDL receptor-independent cell surface binding sites: a potential mechanism for increased atherogenicity. 964 58

Lp(a) is a major inherited risk factor for premature atherosclerosis. The mechanism of Lp(a) atherogenicity has not been elucidated, but likely involves both its ability to interfere with plasminogen activation and its atherogenic potential as a lipoprotein particle after receptor-mediated uptake. We demonstrate that Lp(a) stimulates production of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). This effect resulted from a rise in intracellular free calcium induced by Lp(a) and could be inhibited by the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA/AM. The involvement of the LDL and VLDL receptors in Lp(a) activation of HCAEC were ruled out since Lp(a) induction of adhesion molecules was not prevented by an antibody (IgGC7) to the LDL receptor or by receptor-activating protein, an antagonist of ligand binding to the VLDL receptor. Addition of alpha2-macroglobulin as well as treatment with heparinase, chondroitinase ABC, and sodium chlorate did not decrease levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectin stimulated by Lp(a), suggesting that neither the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein nor cell-surface proteoglycans are involved in Lp(a)-induced adhesion molecule production. Neither does the binding site on HCAEC responsible for adhesion molecule production by Lp(a) appear to involve plasminogen receptors, as levels of VCAM-1 and E-selectin were not significantly decreased by the addition of glu-plasminogen, the lysine analog epsilon-aminocaproic acid, or by trans-4-(aminomethyl)-cyclohexanecarboxymethylic acid (tranexamic acid), which acts by binding to the lysine binding sites carried on the kringle structures in plasminogen. In contrast, recombinant apolipoprotein (a) [r-apo(a)] competed with Lp(a) and attenuated the expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin. In summary, we have identified a calcium-dependent interaction of Lp(a) with HCAEC capable of inducing potent surface expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin that does not appear to involve any of the known potential Lp(a) binding sites. Because leukocyte recruitment to the vessel wall appears to represent one of the important early events in atherogenesis, this newly described endothelial cell-activating effect of Lp(a) places it at a crucial juncture in the initiation of atherogenic disease and may lead to a better understanding of the role of Lp(a) in the vascular biology of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Expression of adhesion molecules by lp(a): a potential novel mechanism for its atherogenicity. 983 67

We investigated the mechanism of beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL)-induced foam cell formation derived from peritoneal macrophages from control mice and low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-deficient mice to elucidate the role of the LDL receptor in this process. The LDL receptor appeared to be of major importance for beta-VLDL metabolism. Consequently, the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in LDL receptor(-)(/)- macrophages is 2.5-fold lower than in LDL receptor(+)(/)(+) macrophages. In the absence of the LDL receptor, however, beta-VLDL was still able to induce cholesteryl ester accumulation and subsequently we characterized the properties of this residual beta-VLDL recognition site(s) of LDL receptor(-)(/)- macrophages. Although the LDL receptor-related protein is expressed on LDL receptor(-)(/)- macrophages, the cell association of beta-VLDL is not influenced by the receptor-associated protein, and treatment of the macrophages with heparinase and chondroitinase was also ineffective. In contrast, both oxidized LDL (OxLDL) and anionic liposomes were able to inhibit the cell association of (125)I-labeled beta-VLDL in LDL receptor(-)(/)- macrophages by 65%. These properties suggest a role for scavenger receptor class B (SR-B), and indeed, in the LDL receptor(-)(/)- macrophages the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from beta-VLDL was 2.2-fold higher than that of apolipoproteins, a process that could be inhibited by OxLDL, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and beta-VLDL. In conclusion, the LDL receptor on peritoneal macrophages is directly involved in the metabolism of beta-VLDL and the subsequent foam cell formation. When the LDL receptor is absent, SR-B appears to mediate the remaining metabolism of cholesteryl esters from beta-VLDL.
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PMID:Relative importance of the LDL receptor and scavenger receptor class B in the beta-VLDL-induced uptake and accumulation of cholesteryl esters by peritoneal macrophages. 1088 99