Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.6.12 (chondroitinase)
 2,183 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Constituents of the bone marrow microenvironment have the capacity to influence both normal and malignant hematopoietic cell behavior. For example, HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro display a more mature phenotype when grown on a bone marrow stroma-derived matrix. To elucidate which component(s) of the stromal matrix is capable of modulating HL-60 cell phenotype, matrices were treated with a variety of chemicals and enzymes prior to being used in the differentiation assay. Treatment of matrices with collagenase, pronase, chondroitinase, or chloroform:methanol:ether could not abolish the differentiation-promoting activity of bone marrow stroma. In contrast, the activity was destroyed by alkali treatment (0.5 M NaOH for 18 h) or heparinase/heparitinase enzymes. Heparin added to cultures increased maturation of HL-60 cells as determined by esterase production, Fc rosette formation, and morphological appearance. Other stromal components such as laminin, fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV, or chondroitin sulfate did not alter the HL-60 leukemia cell phenotype. Stroma-derived matrix material which labeled with [35S]sulfate and eluted on a DEAE ion-exchange column as a high ionic fraction in 1.5 M LiCl and 7.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate contained the active fraction. A heparan sulfate proteoglycan component isolated by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis induced a more mature HL-60 phenotype, and digestion with heparinase/heparitinase in the presence of protease inhibitors abrogated the effects on HL-60 phenotype. We conclude that a heparan sulfate-associated fraction of the bone marrow matrix plays a key role in the regulation of leukemic cell maturation.
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PMID:A heparan sulfate-containing fraction of bone marrow stroma induces maturation of HL-60 cells in vitro. 214 Feb 91

In order to determine whether mast cells or basophils could be derived from nonhuman primate bone marrow, cells from bone marrow aspirates were cultured in the presence of concanavalin A-stimulated nonhuman primate spleen cell supernatants (CAS). Culture conditions were identical to those used for culturing mucosal-like mast cells from mouse bone marrow. In this situation, basophil-like cells (BLC) could be identified in liquid cultures and averaged 14-19 microM in size, were round or oval in appearance, had lobulated nuclei, and contained less than 100 metachromatically staining granules per cell. By electron microscopy, granules had dense oval or semilunar cores with surrounding fibrous whorls. BLC were peroxidase positive, chloroacetate esterase negative, stained positively with acid toluidine blue, and contained 0.1-0.3 pg histamine per cell. BLC expressed IgE receptors and were Leu 5b and Leu 16 negative. IgE-sensitized BLC released histamine after stimulation with antihuman IgE or the calcium ionophore A23187. [35S]-labeled proteoglycans were degraded with chondroitinase ABC but not with heparinase, indicating the absence of heparin in BLC. Thus, culture conditions that include the use of CAS and lead to the growth of mast cells from rodent bone marrow result in the growth of BLC from nonhuman primate bone marrow. These observations suggest that fundamental differences exist in the type of histamine containing cells that arise from rodent and primate bone marrow when such bone marrow cells are cultured under identical conditions.
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PMID:Characterization of basophil-like cells derived from nonhuman primate bone marrow. 245 67

Heparan sulfate and heparin, two sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), extracted collagen-tailed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the electric organ of Discopyge tschudii. The effect of heparan sulfate and heparin was abolished by protamine; other GAGs could not extract the esterase. The solubilization of the asymmetric AChE apparently occurs through the formation of a soluble AChE-GAG complex of 30S. Heparitinase treatment but not chondroitinase ABC treatment of the ECM released asymmetric AChE forms. This provides direct evidence for the vivo interaction between asymmetric AChE and heparan sulfate residues of the ECM. Biochemical analysis of the electric organ ECM showed that sulfated GAGs bound to proteoglycans account for 5% of the total basal lamina. Approximately 20% of the total GAGs were susceptible to heparitinase or nitrous acid oxidation which degrades specifically heparan sulfates, and approximately 80% were susceptible to digestion with chondroitinase ABC, which degrades chondroitin-4 and -6 sulfates and dermatan sulfate. Our experiments provide evidence that asymmetric AChE and carbohydrate components of proteoglycans are associated in the ECM; they also indicate that a heparan sulfate proteoglycan is involved in the anchorage of the collagen-tailed AChE to the synaptic basal lamina.
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PMID:Anchorage of collagen-tailed acetylcholinesterase to the extracellular matrix is mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans. 316

Macromolecular prodrugs of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, were prepared by the covalent attachment of the drugs onto chondroitin sulfate (ChS) using PEG 1000 as a spacer. Drug-PEG adducts were synthesized using 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazole as a coupling agent in dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by the reaction with ChS in highly dilute aqueous solution at pH 6.8 via N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as a conjugation agent. The drug-ChS conjugates were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and the molar percent of drug substitution onto ChS was characterized by 1H NMR using the peak areas of the three protons of -PhiCHCH3 on the drugs to those of -NHCOCH3 on ChS. All drug-ChS conjugates are water-soluble. The release amounts of the free drugs from their corresponding drug-ChS conjugates were evaluated in the presence or absence of either esterase or chondroitinase, and the both enzymes in pH 7.4 Tris-buffer solutions at 37 degrees C by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Keto-ChS conjugates released approximately 100% ketoprofen within 12h in the presence of esterase, but the combination with chondroitinase did not accelerate the release rate. The degradation of Keto-ChS conjugates by chondroitinase was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The Keto-ChS conjugates still retained the enzymatic recognition even at the substitution of ketoprofen as high as 56 mol%. The inhibition percent of carrageenan-induced edema of Keto-ChS-56 was comparable to that of a simple blend of ChS and ketoprofen, suggesting that biologically active ChS and ketoprofen could be liberated from the conjugate.
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PMID:Chondroitin sulfate-based anti-inflammatory macromolecular prodrugs. 1683 35

Different degrees (between 20 and 75%) of methacrylate-grafted chondroitin sulfate (CS-MA) were synthesized. These CS-MA macromers were further copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA) at the molar ratio of 1 to 5 to form hydrogels. The sol percents of these CS-MA-AA hydrogels decreased and the cross-linking densities were studied with respect to the degrees of MA substitution onto CS-MA. The cytotoxicity with the increase in degree of MA substitution (DS) onto CS-MA as well as their hydrogels prepared from the corresponding macromers was tested using 293T cells. The cell viability of human dermal fibroblast and mescenchymal stem cells was further tested upon exposure to 75% CS-MA for 1-, 3-, and 7-day incubation period. The hydrogels maintained degradability for long periods of time as evidenced by SEM. A model protein, BSA, demonstrated the prolong-release behaviors of these hydrogels in simulated gastric fluids and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions and a faster release rate in the presence of chondroitinase and esterase at pH 7.4.
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PMID:Characterization of hydrogels prepared from copolymerization of the different degrees of methacrylate-grafted chondroitin sulfate macromers and acrylic acid. 1763 31

The current assumption that Candida albicans is a facultatively anaerobic organism has been widely accepted since its recovery from anoxic sites became common. However, the link between anaerobiosis and virulence remains uncertain. This study investigated the differential cell-surface hydrophobicity (CSH) using a hydrocarbon/water partition technique and analysed the differential secretion rates of secretory aspartyl proteases (Saps), esterase, chondroitinase and haemolysins of C. albicans strains recovered from periodontal pockets and non-periodontium-related intra-oral sites. For the enzymic tests, all strains from both sets were grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and the harvested cells were inoculated onto suitable normal or pre-reduced culture media in the presence or absence of molecular oxygen, respectively. The results showed that no variations were perceptible for CSH and chondroitinase (P>0.05). The secretion rates of esterase and haemolysins strongly decreased in an anoxic environment (P<0.0001). However, a consistent increment (P<0.0001) in Sap secretion was detected when cultures were grown under anaerobic conditions. Based on these results, it is suggested that the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere surrounding cells exerts a variable influence on the virulence attributes of C. albicans.
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PMID:Phenotypic evaluation of the effect of anaerobiosis on some virulence attributes of Candida albicans. 1880 58

It is widely accepted that tabagism is a predisposing factor to oral candidosis and cumulate data suggest that cigarette compounds may increase candidal virulence. To verify if enhanced virulence occurs in Candida albicans from chronic smokers, a cohort of 42 non-smokers and other of 58 smokers (all with excellent oral conditions and without signs of candidosis) were swabbed on tong dorsum and jugal mucosa. Results showed that oral candidal loads do not differ between smoker and non-smokers. Activities of secreted aspartyl-protease (Sap), phospholipase, chondroitinase, esterase-lipase, and haemolysin secretions were screened for thirty-two C. albicans isolates. There were detected significant increments in phospholipasic and chondroitinasic activities in isolates from non-smokers. For other virulence factors, no differences between both cohorts were achieved.
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PMID:Low virulent oral Candida albicans strains isolated from smokers. 2192 4