Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.6.12 (chondroitinase)
 2,183 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The endothelial cell surface receptor thrombomodulin (TM) displays various anticoagulant functions: it acts as a cofactor for the activation of protein C (PC) by thrombin, prevents the activation of fibrinogen, platelets and Factor V by thrombin. TM was also shown to accelerate the inhibition of thrombin by its physiological inhibitor antithrombin III (ATIII). The studies performed on rabbit lung TM were undertaken in order to provide better understanding, along with the identification and the characterization of functional domains, to the mechanism of action of TM. On the basis of the physical and chemical properties of TM, which were compatible with those of a proteoglycan, the presence of a sulfated polysaccharide chain covalently bound to TM, constituting an acidic domain independent of the protein C activation cofactor site, was suggested. Further enzymatic and chemical characterization showed that rabbit TM was in fact a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Monoclonal antibodies raised against rabbit TM and proteins known for their ability to neutralize the activity of heparin, as well as TM submitted to chondroitinase digestion were used in order to identify the role of the different structural domains of TM. Binding of thrombin to TM at a primary site on the protein part is a prerequisite for all the biological activities of TM. However, while this binding is sufficient for TM to promote the activation of PC by thrombin, the inhibition by TM of thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting and factor V activation requires the interaction of thrombin at a secondary site with the polysaccharide chain of TM. This interaction with the polysaccharide chain (which carries a highly sulfated trisaccharide at the non-reducing terminus) leads to the inhibition of the procoagulant functions of TM-bound thrombin towards fibrinogen and factor V as well as an increased reactivity of the enzyme with ATIII. These results were rationalized in the functional model proposed for the rabbit TM-proteoglycan. An original aspect of the TM-proteoglycan resides in the fact that the chondroitin sulfate side chain brings new anticoagulant activities, in addition to the PC activation cofactor activity, to the molecule. TM is a new type of proteoglycan with important regulatory function in hemostasis, which anticoagulant properties depend on both the protein core and the polysaccharide chain.
 ...
PMID:[Thrombomodulin: a new proteoglycan. Structure-function relation]. 165 16

To investigate mechanisms regulating intra-alveolar coagulation, we studied monolayers of the A549 human lung epithelial cell line. The surface of A549 cells delayed the onset of prothrombin-to-thrombin conversion and prevented total prothrombin consumption in normal plasma compared to plastic cell-free wells. Similar results were achieved with bovine pulmonary endothelial (CPAE) and rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cell lines, whereas Madin-Darby canine kidney renal epithelial cell line accelerated thrombin formation. The A549 surface catalyzed antithrombin III-thrombin complex formation with no significant increase in thrombin inactivation from heparin cofactor II. The A549 cell surface effects were largely, but not completely, reversed to values obtained for plastic when protein C-deficient plasma was used. Pretreatment of the cell surface with chondroitinase ABC plus heparitinase prior to thrombin generation experiments had no effect on the total prothrombin consumed but decreased the initial delay. Heparan sulfate as well as dermatan sulfate and other chondroitin sulfates were detected on the A549 surface using alcian blue staining. Conditioned media from A549, CPAE, and IEC-6 cells delayed the clot time of recalcified plasma. Use of chondroitinase ABC and heparitinase were both required to obliterate the A549 conditioned media activity. After growing A549 cells in 35SO(2-)4-containing medium, the resultant conditioned medium was found to contain 2,000 kD and 300- to 1,000-kD proteoglycans that yielded chains of less than or equal to 100 kD on reductive elimination with base.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:A549 lung epithelial cells synthesize anticoagulant molecules on the cell surface and matrix and in conditioned media. 201

Thrombomodulin (TM), a major anticoagulant protein at the vessel wall, serves as a potent cofactor for the activation of Protein C by thrombin. Previous work has indicated that (rabbit) TM is a proteoglycan that contains a single polysaccharide chain, tentatively identified as a sulphated galactosaminoglycan, and furthermore suggested that this component may be functionally related to additional anticoagulant activities expressed by the TM molecule [Bourin, Ohlin, Lane, Stenflo & Lindahl (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8044-8052]. Results of the present study establish that (enzymic) removal of the polysaccharide chain abolishes the inhibitory effect of TM on thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting as well as the promoting effect of TM on the inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin, but does not affect the ability of TM to serve as a cofactor in the activation of Protein C. Studies of yet another biological activity of rabbit TM, namely the ability to prevent the activation of Factor V by thrombin [Esmon, Esmon & Harris (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7944-7947], confirmed that TM markedly delays the conversion of the native 330 kDa Factor V precursor into polypeptide intermediates, and further into the 96 kDa heavy chain and 71-74 kDa light-chain components of activated Factor Va. In contrast, the activation kinetics of a similar sample of Factor V incubated with thrombin in the presence of chondroitinase ABC-digested TM did not differ from that observed in the absence of TM. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of TM on Factor V activation also depends on the presence of the polysaccharide component on the TM molecule.
 ...
PMID:Functional role of the polysaccharide component of rabbit thrombomodulin proteoglycan. Effects on inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin, cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin and thrombin-catalysed activation of factor V. 216 42

Thrombomodulin acts as a cofactor for protein C activation by thrombin (PC activation cofactor activity) and inhibits thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting (direct anticoagulant activity). In addition, rabbit thrombomodulin has been shown to promote thrombin inactivation by antithrombin (AT-dependent anticoagulant activity). However, a non-acidic form (i.e. non-retarded on ion-exchange chromatography) of thrombomodulin generated by limited proteolysis retained only the PC activation cofactor activity. The acidic form (retarded on ion-exchange chromatography) of thrombomodulin is now shown to prevent the rapid inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin in the presence of heparin, presumably by preventing the formation of the ternary thrombin-AT-heparin complex. This effect was not observed with non-acidic thrombomodulin. When submitted to chondroitinase digestion, thrombomodulin was converted into an essentially non-acidic form that lacked both the AT-dependent and the direct anticoagulant activities but showed a PC activation cofactor function indistinguishable from that of native thrombomodulin. This chondroitinase-digested form did not prevent the catalytic effect of heparin on the inhibition of thrombin by AT. It is concluded that the acidic domain of rabbit thrombomodulin, a chondroitin (dermatan) sulfate glycosaminoglycan, interacts with a site of the thrombin molecule that is not involved in the protein C activation cofactor function, but is essential to the cleavage of fibrinogen or binding of heparin.
 ...
PMID:Effect of rabbit thrombomodulin on thrombin inhibition by antithrombin in the presence of heparin. 254 98

Thrombomodulin (TM), a membrane proteoglycan on endothelial cells, binds thrombin in a 1:1 complex, accelerates the protein C activation by thrombin, promotes the thrombin inactivation by antithrombin III and inhibits the procoagulant properties of thrombin. The inactivation of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) by thrombin is accelerated about 70-fold by TM [De Munk, Groeneveld and Rijken (1991) J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1680-1684]. The present study investigates the role of the O-linked glycosaminoglycan moiety of TM in the latter reaction. In the presence of an excess of a fully-glycosylated soluble recombinant human TM mutant (high-Mr rec-TM), 0.11 nM thrombin inactivated 50% of 4.4 nM scu-PA in 45 min at 37 degrees C. In the presence of a soluble recombinant TM mutant lacking the glycosaminoglycans (low-Mr rec-TM), 1.9 nM thrombin was needed to inactivate 50% scu-PA, as compared with 4.7 nM thrombin in the absence of TM. Using the scu-PA inactivation assay the dissociation constant for the thrombin-TM interaction was found to be 0.4 nM for high-Mr rec-TM and 14 nM for low-Mr rec-TM. Treatment of high-Mr rec-TM with chondroitinase ABC to digest the glycosaminoglycans decreased the accelerating effect to the level of low-Mr rec-TM. A similar decrease was observed after treatment of solubilized rabbit TM with chondroitinase ABC. As expected, chondroitinase ABC had no influence on the accelerating effect of low-Mr rec-TM. The free glycosaminoglycans obtained by alkaline treatment of TM or chondroitin sulphate A also accelerated the inactivation of scu-PA by thrombin, but about 1000-fold higher concentrations than with TM were needed to obtain the same acceleration. It is concluded that the major glycosaminoglycan of TM plays a pivotal role in the inactivation of scu-PA by the TM-thrombin complex, both in the formation and in the activity of the complex.
 ...
PMID:Role of the glycosaminoglycan component of thrombomodulin in its acceleration of the inactivation of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator by thrombin. 838 42

Thrombomodulin (TM) is an anticoagulant glycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cell that directly inhibits the procoagulant activities of thrombin, and the TM-thrombin complex accelerates thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C. Soluble TM in urine has no glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain which accelerates the anticoagulant activities. Therefore, we expressed recombinant GAG-modified urinary thrombomodulin (GAG-UTM) in C127 cells. The glycosylation sites were determined by amino acid sequence analysis of peptides digested with trypsin after S-carboxymethylation. The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides were estimated by two-dimensional sugar mapping of pyridylaminated oligosaccharides that were treated with exoglycosidase. The disaccharide composition analysis of the GAG chain was performed by HPLC using digestion with chondroitinase ABC, ACII and B. Consequently, it was revealed that the N-linked oligosaccharides were assigned to Asn29, Asn98, Asn364, Asn391; those structures were estimated biantennary, 2-6 branched triantennary and 2-4 branched triantennary complex type oligosaccharides that were linked by fucose at the ratio of 1.0:0.5:0.1, respectively. Moreover, the attachment site of the GAG chain was assigned to Ser472. It was then estimated that the GAG chain contained chondroitin-4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate, which were repeated approximately 30 times. In this paper, the GAG attachment site and structural characteristics of GAG-UTM, were confirmed. Moreover, structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides of GAG-UTM are described for the first time.
 ...
PMID:The glycosylation sites and structural characteristics of oligosaccharides on recombinant human thrombomodulin. 959 55

The endothelial cell membrane glycoprotein thrombomodulin (TM) plays a critical role in the regulation of coagulation. TM is an essential cofactor in protein C activation by thrombin, and a direct inhibitor of thrombin-induced platelet activation and fibrinogen clotting. Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serpin synthesized and secreted by a variety of cells including endothelial cells. PN-1 bound to the cell surface through interactions with glycosaminoglycans, is an efficient inhibitor of thrombin and controls thrombin-induced cell responses. An investigation of the interaction of PN-1 with TM using purified proteins and cultured human aortic endothelial cells was performed. Purified PN-1 was observed to bind to purified TM in a concentration-dependent manner. Double immunofluorescence studies indicated that PN-1 and TM were colocalized at the endothelial cell surface from which they were coprecipitated. Pretreatment of the cells with chondroitinase ABC greatly decreased the amount of the PN-1 associated to TM at the cell surface demonstrating the involvement of the TM chondroitin-sulfate chain in the formation of complexes. The inhibitory activity of the PN-1/TM complexes on the catalytic activity of thrombin, and on thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting, was markedly enhanced when compared with the inhibitory activity of each partner. PN-1-overexpressing human aortic endothelial cells and PN-1-underexpressing human aortic endothelial cells exhibited respectively a significantly reduced ability and enhanced capacity to activate protein C. Furthermore, PN-1 decreased the cofactor activity of TM on thrombin activable fibrinolysis inhibitor activation by thrombin. These data show for the first time that PN-1 forms complexes with TM and modulates its anticoagulant activity.
 ...
PMID:Protease nexin-1 interacts with thrombomodulin and modulates its anticoagulant effect. 1737 30