Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.6.1 (sulfatase)
3,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The terminal part of the short arm of the human X chromosome has been mapped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The map, representing the distal two-thirds of Xp22.3 spans a total of 10,000 kilobases (kb) from Xpter to the DXS143 locus. A comparison with linkage data indicates that 1 centimorgan (cM) in this region corresponds to about 600 kb. CpG islands were essentially concentrated in the 1500 kb immediately proximal to the pseudoautosomal boundary. Several loci, including the gene encoding steroid sulfatase (STS) and the loci for the X-linked recessive form of chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) and for Kallmann syndrome (KAL) have been placed relative to the Xp telomere. CDPX is located between 2650 and 5550 kb from Xpter, and STS is located between 7250 and 7830 kb from Xpter. KAL maps to an interval of 350 kb between 8600 and 8950 kb from the telomere. The X-chromosomal breakpoints of a high proportion of XX males resulting from X-Y interchange cluster to a 920-kb region proximal and close to the pseudoautosomal boundary.
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PMID:Long-range restriction map of the terminal part of the short arm of the human X chromosome. 233 11

We describe a family consisting of 3 affected men with congenital ichthyosis, anosmia, hypogonadism, nystagmus with decreased visual acuity, strabismus, hypopigmentation of the iris, and mirror movements of the hands and feet. Two of them had limitation of ocular movement and unilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia. The condition appears to be inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Clinical, pathological, and biochemical evaluations were compatible with a diagnosis of X-linked ichthyosis. Steroid sulfatase and arylsulfatase C activities in leukocytes and fibroblasts were markedly diminished in the affected patients. Their hypogonadism was due to decreased luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion (hypogonadotropic). Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone was also recognized. Chromosome analysis of leukocytes and skin fibroblasts revealed a normal 46,XY male karyotype in all of the patients.
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PMID:A new syndrome of anosmia, ichthyosis, hypogonadism, and various neurological manifestations with deficiency of steroid sulfatase and arylsulfatase C. 351 63

Practical and scientific aspects of prenatal detection of genetic disorders is discussed. The indications for intrauterine detection of familial biochemical and particular chromosomal disorders require assessment of the risks of transabdominal amniocentesis and of the reliability of diagnosis. A high degree of experience in cultivating amniotic fluid cells and in performing diagnostic tests is required. The obstetrician performing the amniocentesis should be responsible for referring the family to a physician who will perform the abortion. A high-risk group for which amniocentesis may be especially important includes families in which 1 parent is a carrier of a chromosomal rearrangement and in which the woman is a known carrier of an X-linked recessive disorder so that sex determination is important. A moderate-risk group includes women who become pregnant after age 40 in which the risk of having a child with a chromosomal aberration is greater than 1%. A low-risk group includes women over 35 and women who have previously borne a child with trisomic Down's syndrome. The experience gained in over 300 patients suggests that transabdominal aminocentesis carries minimal risks to mother and fetus. Analyses of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis have resulted in antenatal diagnoses of Pompe's disease (deficient alpha-1, 4-glucosidase), Tay-Sachs disease (deficient hexosaminidase A), mucopolysaccharidosis (quantitative and qualitative changes in mucopolysaccharides), methylmalonic aciduria (increased methylamlonate), and adrenogenital syndrome (increase 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol). There is a lack of consensus on the reliability of several of these diagnoses resulting from the direct analysis of amniotic fluid. Analyses of uncultured amniotic fluid cells have resulted in diagnoses of Pompe's disease (ultrastructural changes) and Tay-Sachs disease. Analyses of cultivated amniotic fluid cells have enabled diagnoses of galactosemia (deficient galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase), X-linked uric aciduria (by autoradiography), lysosomal acid phosphatase deficiency, metachromatic leukodystrophy (deficientaryl sulfatase A), mucopolysaccharidosis, cystic fibrosis (metachromatic granules), and Marfan's syndrome (metachromatic granules). Methylmalonic aciduria has been detected in utero by marternal methymalonate excretion. Adrenogenital syndrome has been detected by urinary estriol.
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PMID:Present status of amniocentesis in intrauterine diagnosis of genetic defects. 511 31

Clinical and biochemical data of 16 typical cases of placental sulfatase deficiency have been observed. In vivo loading tests with DHA-S allowed us to make a prenatal diagnosis. In vitro experiments gave confirmation, showing zero or virtually zero placental sulfatase activity towards delta 5P or DHA sulfates Aromatase activities, when tested, were normal or more often less than standard values, the latter showing themselves rather large individual variations. All pregnancies were associated with the delivery of male neonates in good health but 3. The 15 living babies have been developing normally since then. These results, together with those reported in the literature, suggest that placental sulfatase deficiency is under control of an X-linked recessive character, this being supported by the recent observation of such a disorder in two sisters simultaneously pregnant. As to the high frequency problem of cesarian section, pointed out by several authors, we cannot conclude, from our own observations, that the defect has an obvious influence on the good outcome of labor, as 10 out of the 16 women delivered vaginally near term.
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PMID:Placental sulfatase deficiency: clinical and biochemical study of 16 cases. 644 1

The microsomal sulfatases are known to be deficient in the X-linked recessive inherited type of ichthyosis (XLI), which is closely related to the placental steroid-sulfatase deficiency. Our group demonstrated biochemically the deficiency of steroid-sulfatase activity as well as arylsulfatase C activity in cultured skin fibroblasts and leukocytes of patients with XLI, whereas all cases of ADI investigated hitherto expressed high activities of microsomal sulfatase. On the other hand, the analysis of microsomal sulfatase in membranous preparations of uncultivated skin and hair follicles failed to distinguish between XLI, ADI, and controls. Possible relations between this enzyme defect and the hyperkeratotic condition of XLI are discussed.
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PMID:[Microsomal sulfatase deficiency in X chromosome-linked ichthyosis]. 695 21

X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) is a congenital defect of bone and cartilage development characterized by aberrant bone mineralization, severe underdevelopment of nasal cartilage, and distal phalangeal hypoplasia. A virtually identical phenotype is observed in the warfarin embryopathy, which is due to the teratogenic effects of coumarin derivatives during pregnancy. We have cloned the genomic region within Xp22.3 where the CDPX gene has been assigned and isolated three adjacent genes showing highly significant homology to the sulfatase gene family. Point mutations in one of these genes were identified in five patients with CDPX. Expression of this gene in COS cells resulted in a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity that is inhibited by warfarin. A deficiency of a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity was demonstrated in patients with deletions spanning the CDPX region. These data indicate that CDPX is caused by an inherited deficiency of a novel sulfatase and suggest that warfarin embryopathy might involve drug-induced inhibition of the same enzyme.
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PMID:A cluster of sulfatase genes on Xp22.3: mutations in chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) and implications for warfarin embryopathy. 772 70

We report on a Sardinian pedigree with congenital ichthyosis associated with normal levels of steroid sulfatase and a normal molecular pattern, as detectable with a cDNA probe for the steroid sulfatase (STS) gene. Though the pattern of transmission of the disease is consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance, this form of ichthyosis was found to segregate independently of genetic polymorphisms detected by probes of the region Xp22.3, where the STS locus has been mapped. The search for close genetic linkages with other polymorphic markers scattered along the entire X chromosome has so far been fruitless. For the time being, the main conclusion derived from these data is that STS deficiency is not a sine qua non for X-linked ichthyosis which may also result from a mutational event at an X-chromosomal site genetically unlinked to the STS locus.
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PMID:X-linked ichthyosis without STS deficiency: clinical, genetical, and molecular studies. 933 73

We recently reported the isolation of two new members of the sulfatase gene family, arylsulfatase D (ARSD) and E (ARSE), located approximately 50 kb from each other in the Xp22.3 region. Mutation analysis indicated ARSE as the gene responsible for X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata. Expression of the ARSE gene in COS cells resulted in a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity that was inhibited by warfarin. At the same time, we detected the presence of a 1.2-kb fragment located at approximately 60 kb from ARSD and ARSE with significant homology to these two genes, suggesting the existence of another sulfatase gene, arylsulfatase F (ARSF), in Xp22.3. We have used a combined approach of long-range genomic sequencing and screening of cDNA libraries to isolate the ARSF gene. Expression of the ARSF cDNA in COS cells resulted in a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity that is not inhibited by warfarin, supporting our hypothesis that only ARSE is specifically inhibited by warfarin and is most likely involved in warfarin embryopathy. Genomic analysis revealed that ARSF has an intron/exon organization highly similar to those of ARSD and ARSE, which is also shared by another Xp22.3 sulfatase gene, ARSC (arylsulfatase C, also known as steroid sulfatase), with the splice sites occurring at the same position in all four genes. The data obtained from sequence analysis and presented in this paper indicate that the ARSC, ARSD, ARSE, and ARSF genes are more similar to each other than to other members of the sulfatase gene family, supporting our hypothesis that they represent a subfamily of related proteins created through duplication events that occurred in an ancestral pseudoautosomal region.
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PMID:Identification by shotgun sequencing, genomic organization, and functional analysis of a fourth arylsulfatase gene (ARSF) from the Xp22.3 region. 919 38

During the past few years, molecular analyses have provided important insights into the biochemistry and genetics of the sulfatase family of enzymes, identifying the molecular bases of inherited diseases caused by sulfatase deficiencies. New members of the sulfatase gene family have been identified in man and other species using a genomic approach. These include the gene encoding arylsulfatase E, which is involved in X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata, a disorder of cartilage and bone development. Another important breakthrough has been the discovery of the biochemical basis of multiple sulfatase deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a severe of all sulfatase activities. These discoveries, together with the resolution of the crystallographic structure of sulfatases, have improved our understanding of the function and evolution of this fascinating family of enzymes.
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PMID:The sulfatase gene family. 922 15

Despite many efforts, the mouse homolog of ARSE, the gene implicated in X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata, has not yet been identified. This absence has so far impaired a deep study of the role of this gene. For this reason, we searched the avian homolog and here report the identification of a chicken sulfatase, cARS, that shares high degree of homology with the cluster of sulfatases located on the short arm of the human X chromosome. cARS activity against a sulfated artificial substrate is heat labile and inhibited by warfarin, features that are characteristic of ARSE. The expression in pharyngeal arches, somites, and leg buds during chick development is consistent with cARS being the functional ortholog of ARSE, matching the tissues affected in this genetic disorder. The identification of the ARSE chicken gene is an important step for the study of its natural substrate and its role during development.
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PMID:Identification and biochemical characterization of an avian sulfatase homologous to the human ARSE, the gene for X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata. 1524 27


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