Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.6.1 (sulfatase)
 3,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Multiple deficiency disorder fibroblasts cultured in MEM-CO2 showed deficiencies of arylsulfatase A(ARS A) comparable to the deficiency in metachromatic leukodystrophy fibroblasts. However, the MSDD fibroblasts cultured in MEM-HEPES contained near normal levels of ARS A. Moreover, the enzyme from the latter fibroblasts was indistinguishable from ARS A of control fibroblasts on DEAE-cellulose chromatography, ratio of activity with several substrates, thermal inactivation, sensitivity to inhibitors, and precipitation by antiserum to human ARS A. These data support the conclusion that the ARS A genome is intact in MSDD fibroblasts and, by extension, in MSDD patients. Other sulfatases were present at levels ranging from mildly deficient to near normal but never as low as seen in the corresponding specific sulfatase deficient disorders.
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PMID:Presence of arylsulfatase A (ARS A) in multiple sulfatase deficiency disorder fibroblasts. 2 85

Genetics of human lysosomal arylsulfatases A and B (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1), associated with childhood disease, has been studied with human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ARS(A)) in humans results in a progressive neurodegenerative disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy. Deficiency of arylsulfatase B (ARS(B)) is associated with skeletal and growth malformations, termed the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Simultaneous deficiency of both enzymes is associated with the multiple sulfatase deficiency disease, suggesting a common relationship for ARS(A) and ARS(B). The genetic and structural relationships of human ARS(A) and ARS(B) have been determined by the use of human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. Independent enzyme segregation in cell hybrids demonstrated different chromosome assignments for the structural genes, ARS(A) and ARS(B), coding for the two lysosomal enzymes. ARS(A) activity showed concordant segregation with mitochondrial aconitase encoded by a gene assigned to chromosome 22. ARS(B) segregated with beta-hexosaminidase B encoded by a gene assigned to chromosome 5. These assignments were confirmed by chromosome analyses. The subunit structures of ARS(A) and ARS(B) were determined by their electrophoretic patterns in cell hybrids; a dimeric structure was demonstrated for ARS(A) and a monomeric structure for ARS(B). Although the multiple sulfatase deficiency disorder suggests a shared relationship between ARS(A) and ARS(B), independent segregation of these enzymes in cell hybrids did not support a common polypeptide subunit or structural gene assignment. The evidence demonstrates the assignment of ARS(A) to chromosome 22 and ARS(B) to chromosome 5. A third gene that affects ARS(A) and ARS(B) activity is suggested by the multiple sulfatase deficiency disorder.
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PMID:Lysosomal arylsulfatase deficiencies in humans: chromosome assignments for arylsulfatase A and B. 3 11

The segregation of human lysosomal arylsulfatase A (ARS-A) has been evaluated in 50 primary hybrid clones derived from four separate fusions involving WBCs from two unrelated individuals and three hamster cell lines. ARS-A was expressed in the hybrids as a dimeric molecule of very similar or identical subunits. The expression of this enzyme was concordant with that of mitochondrial aconitase (ACON-M), an isozyme assigned to chromosome 22, in all 50 clones and with chromosome 22 segregation in all but one of the 29 karyotyped hybrids. No other human chromosome cosegregated with 22 in these clones, suggesting that this enzyme is specified in hybrid cells by a locus (or loci) on a single chromosome. beta-Galactosidase (B-GAL) expression was analyzed with two different electrophoresis systems and with a number of cell extract preparation methods in 39 of the primary hybrid clones. The B-GAL isozyme expressed in these hybrid cells was concordant with the expression of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1), an isozyme assigned to chromosome 3, in all 39 clones and with the segregation of this chromosome in 97% of the 29 karyotyped hybrids. These observations substantiate the prior tentative assignments of an ARS-A locus to chromosome 22 and a B-GAL locus to chromosome 3 (Bruns et al., 1978a, b). The implications of the chromosome assignments of loci for 12 human lysosomal enzymes for the cellular assembly of these organelles are discussed.
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PMID:Human lysosomal genes: arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase. 12 Jan 90

Both arylsulfatases (EC 3.1.6.1, ARS) A and B purified from human kidney displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics towards catecholamines sulfates as substrates with Km values in the range of 4-25 mM. ARS A hydrolyzed adrenaline 3-sulfate and noradrenaline 3-sulfate with a maximal rate lower than that observed for cerebroside 3-sulfate. In contrast, ARS B hydrolyzed adrenaline 3-sulfate and noradrenaline 3-sulfate with a maximal rate similar to that observed for UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate.
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PMID:The activity of human kidney arylsulfatases A and B towards catecholamine sulfates. 346 55

Two siblings of consanguineous parents had presented with a variety of findings indicative of juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). However, instead of the expected profound deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ARS A), their enzyme levels were about half-normal, and enzyme from fibroblasts had properties identical with the properties of enzyme from normal fibroblasts. Nevertheless, the hydrolysis of cerebroside sulfate by growing fibroblasts was markedly attenuated. Supplementation of the fibroblasts with cerebroside sulfatase activator normalized the response in the loading test. These results imply that the fibroblasts, and by extension the patients, are deficient in activator. Although the defective catabolism of cerebroside sulfate and the clinical manifestations in these patients mimic MLD, the molecular basis is distinct from the classical forms of the disorder.
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PMID:Cerebroside sulfatase activator deficiency induced metachromatic leukodystrophy. 611 2

Sulfation is an important mechanism for regulating the biological activity of numerous hormones and neurotransmitters in man. Here we have investigated the ontogeny of sulfotransferases (SULT) and sulfatase (ARS) involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormone and dopamine. SULT1A1 enzyme activity was lower in postnatal liver and lung than in fetal tissues. Hepatic SULT1A3 (dopamine) was expressed at high levels early in development, but decreased substantially in late fetal/early neonatal liver and was essentially absent from the adult liver. In lung, significant SULT1A3 activity was observed in the fetus, but neonatal levels were considerably lower. In brain, the highest activity was observed in the choroid plexus for SULT1A1, with low and widespread activity for both SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 in other brain regions. SULT activity with 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T(2)) as substrate was measured in all tissues and correlated significantly with SULT1A1 activity (4-nitrophenol), suggesting that SULT1A1 is primarily responsible for the sulfation of this iodothyronine. The developmental expression of SULT1A3 and SULT1A1 in liver and brain was confirmed by immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry of developing liver showed substantial expression of these proteins in hemopoietic cells in fetal liver. We also detected low activity for the hydrolysis of 3,3'-T(2) sulfate by ARS, although there was less distinction between fetal and neonatal samples than with SULT activities. We have therefore shown that the developing fetus has substantial sulfation capacity. Sulfation may therefore play a major role in the homeostasis of hormones and other endogenous compounds as well as in detoxification in the fetus, particularly as other conjugating enzyme systems, such as the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, are not expressed at significant levels until the neonatal period.
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PMID:Sulfation of thyroid hormone and dopamine during human development: ontogeny of phenol sulfotransferases and arylsulfatase in liver, lung, and brain. 1139 79

In higher plants, various developmental and environmental conditions enhance expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX), whereas its induction in fungi is mainly dependent on cytochrome pathway restriction and triggering by reactive oxygen species. The AOX of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is encoded by two different genes, the Aox1 gene being much more transcribed than Aox2. To analyze the transcriptional regulation of Aox1, we have fused its 1.4-kb promoter region to the promoterless arylsulfatase (Ars) reporter gene and measured ARS enzyme activities in transformants carrying the chimeric construct. We show that the Aox1 promoter is generally unresponsive to a number of known AOX inducers, including stress agents, respiratory inhibitors, and metabolites, possibly because the AOX activity is constitutively high in the alga. In contrast, the Aox1 expression is strongly dependent on the nitrogen source, being down-regulated by ammonium and stimulated by nitrate. Inactivation of nitrate reductase leads to a further increase of expression. The stimulation by nitrate also occurs at the AOX protein and respiratory levels. A deletion analysis of the Aox1 promoter region demonstrates that a short upstream segment (-253 to +59 with respect to the transcription start site) is sufficient to ensure gene expression and regulation, but that distal elements are required for full gene expression. The observed pattern of AOX regulation points to the possible interaction between chloroplast and mitochondria in relation to a potential increase of photogenerated ATP when nitrate is used as a nitrogen source.
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PMID:Regulation of the alternative oxidase Aox1 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Role of the nitrogen source on the expression of a reporter gene under the control of the Aox1 promoter. 1264 91

Sea urchin petalloid coelomocytes effectuate the clotting pathway by undergoing a rapid and dynamic cellular transformation that leads to cellular adhesion and wounds closure. We have identified high levels of activity of arylsulfatase (Ars) associated with coelomocytes of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816). Ars activity was extracted from clotted coelomocytes with EDTA and showed high levels of activity up to a 1:100 dilution. Clot formation from isolated coelomic fluid was significantly inhibited by the ARS inhibitor, p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Ars activity was collected by 80% ethanol precipitation, a diagnostic test previously used in Ars isolation. Cellular extraction studies in the presence and absence of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 indicated that some Ars activity was present intracellularly, possibly in intracellular membrane-bound compartments, however the majority of Ars activity was extracted from the extracellular coelomocyte membrane. Polyclonal anti-sea urchin embryo Ars antibodies recognized a single protein band with an approximate molecular weight of 75 kDa on western blots. Immunofluorescence using the anti-sea urchin Ars antibody revealed an intracellular and extracellular staining of Ars in both petalloid and filopodial coelomocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that coelomocyte Ars might be involved in cell-to-cell crosslinking of surface sulfated polysaccharides vital for clot formation.
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PMID:Sea urchin coelomocyte arylsulfatase: a modulator of the echinoderm clotting pathway. 2240 49