Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.6.1 (sulfatase)
3,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ten lysosomal enzyme activities have been compared during the growth and ageing of adult human liver cell lines. Arylsulfatase A, beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase activities were significantly lower and arylsulfatase B activity was significantly higher in senescent cells than in actively growing cells. Furthermore, hexosaminidase activity was lower and acid phosphatase activity higher in old cells in every cell line tested but the differences were not significant. On the other hand, no change occurred in alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase and alpha-D-glucosidase activities. These results demonstrate that the increase in size and number of secondary lysosomes during ageing is accompanied for a few lysosomal enzymes by an increase or a decrease in activity depending on the enzyme.
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PMID:Lysosomal enzyme activities during ageing of adult human liver cell lines. 52 13

The presence of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase in juxtaglomerular cell granules (JGG) as well as the uptake and concentration of certain low molecular weight dyes by these granules have repeatedly suggested that they are akin to lysosomes. In the present experiments, rats were injected with three substances of widely different molecular weight and physicochemical properties--sucrose, iron sorbitol-citric acid complex (Jectofer) and horseradish peroxidase--that are well known to selectively concentrate in renal tubular cell lysosomes. None of these substances was found to enter the JGG to any significant degree, although both sucrose and Jectofer were evident in juxtaglomerular cells. Contrary to previous reports, thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) particles were not detected in the JGG after parenteral injection. These results indicate that JGG do not possess any significant lysosomal function and raise the question of the role of hydrolytic enzymes in the physiology of these granules.
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PMID:On the lysosomal function of juxtaglomerular granules. 61 Jul 7

Four acid hydrolase activities are demonstrable by light microscopy in pigment epithelial cell lysosomes of rats (Royal College of Surgeons--RCS) with inherited retinal dystrophy and in control (Fischer) rats. The enzymes include acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and esterase activities. No marked differences are observed in distribution or staining intensity of lysosomes in the two strains of rat. Acid hydrolase activities are not localized in sites other than lysosomes. Acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activities are also demonstrable by electron microscopy. In both strains, acid phosphatase reaction product is localized to various forms of lysosomes in pigment epithelial cells. A diffuse precipitate, considered to be nonspecific in origin, is seen in the cytoplasm, apical processes, outer segments (control), and outer segment debris (RCS). The precipitate is probably due to adsorption of lead from the incubation medium or of lead phosphate that diffuses from heavy accumulations in nearby lysosomes. Aryl sulfatase reaction product, in contrast to acid phosphatase, is localized to far fewer lysosomes and there is virtually no nonspecific precipitate. The findings indicate that lysosomes of RCS pigment epithelial cells possess several cytochemically demonstrable acid hydrolase activities. There is no evidence for the localization of acid phosphatase (or aryl sulfatase) activities in sites other than lysosomes.
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PMID:Localization of lysosomal enzymes in retinal pigment epithelium of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. 62 65

To study the various stages of human mononuclear phagocyte maturation, we cultivated bone marrow in an in vitro diffusion chamber with the cells growing in suspension and upon a dialysis membrane. At 2, 7, and 14 days, the cultured cells were examined by electron microscopy and cytochemical techniques for peroxidase and for more limited analysis of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase. Peroxidase was being synthesized in promonocytes of 2- and 7-day cultures, as evidenced by reaction product in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and storage granules. Peroxidase synthesis had ceased in monocytes and the enzyme appeared only in some granules. By 7 days, large macrophages predominated, containing numerous peroxidase-positive storage granules, and heterophagy of dying cells was evident. By 14 days, the most prevalent cell type was the large peroxidase-negative macrophage. Thus, peroxidase is present in high concentrations in immature cells but absent at later stages, presumably a result of degranulation of peroxidase-positive storage granules. Clusters of peroxidase-negative macrophages with indistinct borders (epithelioid cells), as well as obvious multinucleated giant cells, were noted. Frequently, the interdigitating plasma membranes of neighboring macrophages showed a modification resembling a septate junction--to our knowledge, representing the first documentation of this specialized cell contact between normal macrophages. We suggest that such junctions may serve as zones of adhesion between epithelioid cells.
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PMID:Differentiation of macrophages from normal human bone marrow in liquid culture. Electron microscopy and cytochemistry. 65 15

The life history of melanin and lipofuscin granules of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was studied in 30 human eyes spanning nine decades of life. Autofluorescent granules in the cytoplasm of eye over 30 years of age were shown, ultrastructurally and through lipid solvent extraction, to be lipofuscin granules. Sparse small fluorescent granules in infant eyes were secondary lysosomes containing small droplets of lipid. Flourescent substances in RPE granules of eyes less than 50 years old were more readily extracted with lipid solvents than those in very old eyes (greater than 70). Lipfuscin granules were positive for acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activity. Fusions between primary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules were common in older eyes, suggesting that the over-all degradative process involves repeated injection of lysosomal enzymes, i.e., the initial fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes (phagocytized outer segment disks) is only one of several attempts to hydrolyze the membranous material. Some melanin granules showed hydrolytic enzyme reactions. By use of enzyme cytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and lipid extraction two types of melanin-containing complex granules were identified: melanin with a cortex of lipofuscin (melanolipofuscin) and melanin with a cortex of nonlipid, enzyme reactive material (melanolysosomes). These findings indicate that melanin commonly becomes incorporated into the lysosomal system of the RPE cell and suggests that it undergoes modification or degradation there. These studies indicate that a dynamic, complex interrelationship exists between the various components of the phagolysosomal system and the melanin granules in the RPE cytoplasm. Also, the observed variation from one human eye to another in the content and lipid extractability of RPE lipofuscin granules suggests that there may be differences in lipid composition of phagocytized photoreceptor disks and/or differences in the degradation of these lipids in the phagolysosomal system of the RPE cell.
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PMID:Lipofuscin and melanin of human retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies. 66 90

The effects of age-specific peculiarities and the duration of maintaining rats on a ration with 4 per cent of protein (the initial mass of rats in the 1st group 100 g each; duration of the experiment--30 days. Initial mass rats in the 2d group--200 g each; duration of experiment--90 days on the activity of the lysosomal hydrolase was studied. The latter included beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, arylsulfatase A and B, acid phosphatase, phospholipase A1 and A2, cholinesterase, the total proteolytic activity and that of catepsines A, B, C and D. An ambiguity of changes in the enzymes activity in the animals of the 1st and 2d groups was revealed. Placing the growing animals on a ration containing 4 per cent of protein produces an activation of the most of the lysosomal enzymes, whereas in animals of the 2d test group the nature of changes in the activity of individual enzymes proved to differ quite appreciably. Thus, the summary activity of catepsines, beta-glucoronidase and cholinesterase was below the control level, while the activity of beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetyl-glucoseaminidase and phospholipase A1 and A2 went up. A prolonged maintenance of rats on a protein-poor ration led to upsetting the stability of the lysosomal membranes, which manifested itself in a higher solubilization of lysosomal enzymes in vitro.
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PMID:[Characteristics of the enzymatic adaptation of rat liver lysosomes to protein deficiency]. 68 19

The postpartum involution of corpora lutea was examined by electron microscope cytochemistry of guinea pig ovaries previously fixed by vascular perfusion, a method which produces optimal preservation of steroid-secreting cells and yet maintains enzyme activity. The intracellular digestive apparatus was identified through the localization of two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase. Other marker enzymes localized were thiamine pyrophosphatase (in Golgi cisternae) and alkaline phosphatase (along plasma membranes). Prolonged osmication was used to mark the outer Golgi cisterna. The results demonstrate that luteal cell regression is characterized by a striking increase in the number of lysosomes and the appearance of numerous, double-walled autophagic vacuoles. Both lysosomes and the space between the double walls of autophagic vacuoles exhibit ACPase and arylsulfatase activity. In contrast to earlier periods, just before and during regression, Golgi complex-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes (GERL) is markedly hypertrophied, displaying intense acid hydrolase activity. On the basis of various criteria, GERL is proposed to function in the formation of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Lysosomes seem to develop from GERL as focal protuberances of varying size and shape, which detach from the parent structure. Double-walled autophagic vacuoles, often large and complex in structure, initially are produced as GERL cisternae envelop small areas of cytoplasm. Lytic enzymes, perhaps furnished by the engulfing membranes and trapped lysosomes, presumably bring about digestion of the contents of these vacuoles, producing first aggregate-type inclusions, then, as the contents are further degraded, myelin figure-filled residual bodies. ACPase activity occasionally appears within smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules and cisternae in advanced regression, possibly suggesting that lytic enzymes utilize this membrane system as an access route to GERL. These data indicate that cellular autophagy is a prominent mechanism underlying luteal cell involution during normal postpartum degeneration of guinea pig corpora lutea. Furthermore they suggest that in regressing luteal cells GERL is responsible for packaging acid hydrolases into lytic bodies.
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PMID:The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. III. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex and GERL during normal postpartum regression of luteal cells, emphasizing the origin of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. 70 78

The dermal cells in grey, xanthic, and white goldfish integuments were cytochemically characterized for the following enzymatic activities: tyrosinase, DOPA-oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, peroxidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, NAD-diaphorase, NADP-diaphorase, aryl sulfatase, nucleotide phosphodiesterase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, aldolase, as well as succinate, malate, isocitrate, glutamate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, alpha-glycerophosphate, alcohol, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. It was found that the epidermis was a significant barrier to the access of cytochemical reaction substrates. Removal of the epidermal barrier provided dermal cell localizations of enzymatic activities which were reproducible. Further, alterations in reaction times and temperatures from the mammalian methodology provided conditions fe various integumental cells were compared for possible interrelationships. The basic foundations for future work with the dermis of poikilothermic vertebrates on an experimental basis were established. In addition, a previously undescribed non-pigmented dermal cell, the "x"-cell, was found to have enzymatic characteristics similar to both melanophores and lipophores. The "x"-cell may be the common precursor of both types of pigment cells.
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PMID:Cytochemical characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermis with special reference to the pigment cells. 82 86

Rats fed excess tyrosine develop corneal epithelial disease which parallels that found in humans with tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency (tyrosinosis). In the rat, focal lesions develop within the central epithelium and contain crystals (presumably tyrosine) that disrupt cells. We have studied these lesions and localized acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase at the electron microscope level. Within 60 hr after initiation of diet, cells within the lesions showed an increase in lysosomal enzyme activity. This activity was localized inside some of the crystal ghosts and in numerous lysosomes, including autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. After 84 hr on diet the entire central corneal epithelium was disrupted and polymorphonuclear leukocytes had infiltrated the area. Crystals were phagocytosed by or developed within polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We hypothesize that crystals form within epithelial cells, disrupt first their lysosomes, and then cells, leading to externalization of lysosomal enzymes. This extracellular lysosomal enzyme release may be responsible for the acute inflammatory response that ensues.
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PMID:Response of the lysosomal system of the corneal epithelium to tyrosine-induced cell injury. 92 42

The activities of four lysosomal acid hydrolases (LAH) in the lungs of two strains of mice changed significantly throughout the life cycle. In the CK7B1/6J animals, acid phosphatase (AP) and beta-glucuronidase (beta-G) were maximally active during early neonatal life then gradually declined the adult levels by 4-5 weeks of age. After reaching the adult level, acid phosphatase activities did not change significantly tcreased markedly with advanced age. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (GAD) activities did not change significantly duringlate fetal, neonatal or young adult stages but increased significantly with advancing age. In the lungs of the CFW animals, the increase in activities of beta-G and GAD between young adult life and advanced age was highly significant, whereas there was no notable change in the activities of acid phosphatase or arylsulfatase (AS). The specific activities of the hydrolases in the lungs of the C57B1/6J strain were quite similar to those in the lungs of the CFW strain. The activities of all four hydrolases were markedly elevated in two spontaneous adenomatous tumors found in the lungs of old mice. The data indicate that LAH play a significant role in lung growth and maturation, and in changes associated with aging.
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PMID:Lysosomal acid hydrolase activities in the lungs of fetal, neonatal, adult, and senile mice. 95 22


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