Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
 18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies of phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways are entering a new phase in which molecular genetic techniques are providing powerful tools to dissect the functions of various metabolites and pathways. Studies with phospholipase C are most advanced and clearly indicate that phosphatidylinositol turnover is critical for vision in Drosophila and cell proliferation in various cultured cells. Expression of cDNA constructs and microinjection of PLC or antibodies against it clearly establish a role for PtdIns signaling distinct from its role in calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation. The importance of inositol cyclic phosphates is also beginning to be realized from the study of cyclic hydrolase using similar techniques. Elucidation of the function of the 3-phosphate inositol phospholipid pathway awaits similar studies. The recent cDNA cloning of inositol monophosphatase (Diehl et al., 1990), Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase (Choi et al., 1990), and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (York and Majerus, 1991) should provide tools to define further the cell biology of the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway.
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PMID:Recent insights in phosphatidylinositol signaling. 222 61

We prepared [3H]inositol-,3-[32P]phosphate-and 4-[32P]phosphate-labeled inositol phosphate substrates to investigate the metabolism of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. In crude extracts of calf brain, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate is first converted to inositol 3,4-bisphosphate, then the inositol 3,4-bisphosphate intermediate is further converted to inositol 3-phosphate. Similarly, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate is converted to inositol 4-phosphate, and no inositol 1-phosphate is formed. We partially purified an enzyme that we tentatively name inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. This cytosolic enzyme converts inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate to inositol 3,4-bisphosphate and also converts inositol 1,4-bisphosphate to inositol 4-phosphate. The enzyme does not utilize inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, or inositol 1-phosphate as substrates. Thus we propose a new scheme for inositol phosphate metabolism. According to this pathway inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4-bisphosphate are degraded to inositol 4-phosphate. Inositol 1-phosphate, which is the major inositol monophosphate formed in stimulated brain, is derived either from phospholipase C cleavage of phosphatidylinositol or from the degradation of inositol cyclic phosphates.
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PMID:Pathway for inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and 1,4-bisphosphate metabolism. 303 69

Agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis is the principal mechanism underlying pharmacomechanical coupling in airways smooth muscle. In bovine tracheal smooth muscle, activation of muscarinic cholinoceptors results in sustained phospholipase C-mediated PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis but transient Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation, which implies agonist-stimulated metabolism of Ins(1,4,5)P3. To investigate the metabolic fate of Ins(1,4,5)P3 in bovine tracheal smooth muscle, we developed a [3H]inositol-labeling protocol wherein more than 98% of the [3H]inositol polyphosphates that accumulated over a 0 to 30-min incubation with 100 microM carbachol in the presence of 5 mM LiCl were derived from [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 and wherein the Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.127) and 5-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.56) pathways generated a set of mutually exclusive [3H]-inositol polyphosphate isomers. Under these conditions, the 5-phosphatase pathway was shown to be the dominant route for [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolism at all time intervals measured, especially at early times (0-300 sec), where it accounted for more than 85% of [H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolism. We also observed accumulation of a novel agonist and LiCl-sensitive [3H]InsP2 isomer identified as [3H]Ins(4,5)P2. The presence of a LiCI-sensitive inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.57) was demonstrated, and high LiCl concentrations (30 mM) caused a significant enhancement of [3H]Ins(1,4)P2 accumulation and a corresponding decline in [3H]Ins4P levels. Because nearly identical bell-shaped LiCl concentration-response curves were obtained for [H]Ins4P and [3H]Ins(4,5)P2 accumulation, and [3H]Ins(4,5)P2 was not generated under conditions expected to stimulate phospholipase D, these data suggest that the most likely precurser of [3H]Ins(4,5)P2 is [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3. This is the first demonstration of Ins(4,5)P2 accumulation in a non-neuronal cell type, and the foregoing data suggest a novel route of formation via an Ins(1,4,5)P3 1-phosphatase, which would represent an additional pathway for [H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 removal.
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PMID:[3H]inositol polyphosphate metabolism in muscarinic cholinoceptor-stimulated airways smooth muscle: accumulation of [3H]inositol 4,5 bisphosphate via a lithium-sensitive inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. 902 14

Long-term treatment with lithium salts has been established as an effective prophylactic therapy in manic-depressive (bipolar) illness. Many patients, however, display a lack of (or partial) treatment response. We recently proposed that pharmacogenetic factors may influence and determine the therapeutic efficacy of lithium in bipolar disorder. The lithium-blockable enzyme inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase in the phospholipase C signaling pathway is a putative target for the mood-stabilizing effects of lithium. In the present study, we searched for DNA variations in the human INPP1 gene encoding the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase enzyme. We report the existence of four common polymorphisms in the coding region of the gene. The DNA alterations were all single base substitutions, of which one (A682G) predicted an amino acid change (Thr228Ala), whereas the remaining three (G153T, G348A and C973A) were silent, In a Norwegian pilot sample the frequencies of the four single base substitutions were not significantly different between lithium-treated bipolar patients and healthy control individuals. When subdivided with respect to drug response, however, the C973A transversion was present in six out of nine lithium responders (67%) versus one out of nine non-responders (11%) In contrast, the C973A polymorphism was equally common among lithium responders and non-responders in an independent sample of bipolar patients from Israel. Future studies are therefore need to determine whether allelic variants of the INPP1 gene are associated with a favourable efficacy of lithium in manic-depressive illness.
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PMID:The polymorphic inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene as a candidate for pharmacogenetic prediction of lithium-responsive manic-depressive illness. 968 71

Lithium remains the most widely used long-term treatment for bipolar affective disorder, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic efficacy have not been fully elucidated. Two enzymes involved in the phospholipase C signalling system, namely the myo-inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) and the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (IPPase), have been postulated as targets for the therapeutic action of lithium in manic-depressive illness. Intriguingly, Drosophila mutants lacking IPPase activity display a defect in synaptic transmission, and this alteration could be phenocopied by lithium exposure. We recently demonstrated the presence of several polymorphisms in the IPPase-encoding inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene (INPP1) cDNA and suggested that polymorphic variants of the human IPPase might be associated with the striking difference in lithium response among bipolar patients. We report the genomic structure and organization of the INPP1 gene on chromosome 2q32. Based on DNA sequencing of the entire genomic region containing INPP1, we found that the gene consists of six exons and spans more than 25 kb. Expression analysis showed that INPP1 is present as a 1.9 kb mRNA transcript in all organs and tissues examined, including the central nervous system. The level of expression varies, with at least a fourfold higher transcript level in testis compared with other tissues with high expression. A highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, (CA)18-25, with an observed heterozygosity of 0.86 was detected immediately downstream of the gene. The present sequence information will be used to further investigate the possible role of the INPP1 gene in lithium-treated bipolar illness.
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PMID:Genomic structure and sequence analysis of a human inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene (INPP1). 1078 Feb 72

In order to prescribe lithium appropriately to patients with bipolar disorder, predictors of lithium response are helpful. The present paper reviews the biological predictors of lithium response. As a positive predictor of lithium response, the following have been reported: strong loudness dependence of the auditory-evoked N1/P2-response; higher brain lithium concentration; lower inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) mRNA expression; higher serotonin-induced calcium mobilization; increased N-acetyl-aspartate peak and decreased myo-inositol peak; white matter hyperintensity; decreased intracellular pH; higher frequency of phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLCG1)-5 repeat and PLCG1-8 repeat; and C973A polymorphism in the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene. In contrast the following have been reported as a predictor of negative lithium response: epileptiform abnormality of electroencephalography; human leukocyte antigen type A3; decreased phosphocreatine peak area after photic stimulation; and homozygotes for the short variant of the serotonin transporter gene. Most of the possible biological predictors of better lithium response, such as lower IMPase mRNA levels, white matter hyperintensity, lower brain intracellular pH, enhanced calcium response, and PLCG1-5 repeat had been detected as risk factors for bipolar disorder, suggesting that bipolar disorder responding well to maintenance lithium treatment is a distinct category having a certain neurobiological basis, although these findings need further replication. The search for biological predictors of lithium response is still in its infancy. Most of the laboratory or neuroimaging techniques used in these studies are not easily performed in clinical settings, so the development of an easy and useful laboratory test is needed.
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PMID:Biological predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder. 1275 62