Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurotrophin-3 binds to the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkC. Several naturally occurring splice variants of TrkC exist including those with 14- and 39-amino acid inserts within the tyrosine kinase homology region. When expressed in fibroblasts, full-length TrkC, but not the kinase insert variants, mediated neurotrophin-3-stimulated cell proliferation. We investigated the molecular basis of this signaling defect. The kinase inserts blocked the ability of TrkC to mediate neurotrophin-3 stimulated c-myc and c-fos transcription and activation of the AP-1 transcriptional complex. In cells expressing full-length TrkC, neurotrophin-3 promoted a sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase; TrkC containing kinase inserts only mediated transient activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. The kinase inserts specifically blocked neurotrophin-3-stimulated autophosphorylation of the phospholipase C gamma binding site on TrkC (tyrosine 789) resulting in a severe reduction in phospholipase C gamma association with TrkC and its tyrosine phosphorylation. Neurotrophin-3-stimulated phosphorylation of the Shc binding site (tyrosine 485) on TrkC, and tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc itself, was unaffected by the kinase inserts; however, the kinase inserts blocked high affinity Shc association with TrkC. It is proposed that the lack of high affinity binding of Shc and/or phospholipase C gamma to the TrkC kinase insert variants may be responsible for the inability of these variants to bring about a full biological response in fibroblasts.
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PMID:Naturally occurring tyrosine kinase inserts block high affinity binding of phospholipase C gamma and Shc to TrkC and neurotrophin-3 signaling. 765 12

trkB encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by three neurotrophins--brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5. In vivo, three isoforms of the receptor are generated by differential splicing--gp145trkB or the full-length trkB receptor, and trkB.T1 and trkB.T2, two cytoplasmically truncated receptors that lack kinases, but contain unique C termini. Although the truncated receptors appear to be precisely regulated during nervous system development and regeneration, their role in neurotrophin signaling has not been directly tested. In this paper, we studied the signaling properties and interactions of gp145trkB, trkB.T1, and trkB.T2 by expressing the receptors in a Xenopus oocyte microinjection assay. We found that oocytes expressing gp145trkB, but not trkB.T1 or trkB.T2, were capable of eliciting 45Ca efflux responses (a phospholipase C-gamma-mediated mechanism) after stimulation by BDNF. When trkB.T1 and trkB.T2 were coexpressed with gp145trkB, they acted as dominant negative receptors, inhibiting the BDNF signal by forming nonfunctional heterodimers with the full-length receptors. An ATP-binding mutant of gp145trkB had similar dominant inhibitory effects. Our data suggest that naturally occurring truncated trkB receptors function as inhibitory modulators of neurotrophin responsiveness. Furthermore, the homodimerization of gp145trkB appears to be an essential step in activation of the BDNF signaling cascade.
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PMID:Naturally occurring truncated trkB receptors have dominant inhibitory effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. 862 51

Expression of the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) receptor (TrkC) and the effects of NT-3 on signal transduction were investigated in highly enriched populations of embryonic rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons grown in bilaminar cultures. PCR analysis revealed that the predominant trkC isoform is K1, which lacks an insert in the kinase domain. Polyclonal TrkC-specific antibodies stained > 90% of the neurons and revealed a single approximately 145-kDa protein in immunoblots of extracts from adult hippocampus and pyramidal neuron cultures. Addition of NT-3 (50 ng/ml) to these cultures induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkC but not TrkB, as determined by anti-phosphotyrosine staining of immunoprecipitates; thus, all the effects of NT-3 are mediated through TrkC. NT-3 also increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of 42-, 44-, 49-, 55-, 95-, and 145-kDa proteins; the pattern induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was similar but not identical to that induced by NT-3, suggesting that subtle differences may exist in signaling by TrkB and TrkC receptors. Immunoprecipitation of p21ras from 32P-prelabeled cells showed that NT-3 increased the level of the GTP-bound form of the protein threefold over the control within 5 min. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity was maximally elevated by NT-3 within 2 min and then returned slowly toward baseline over the next 60 min. Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma increased rapidly after NT-3, suggesting that this enzyme becomes activated. Consistent with this, the neurotrophin rapidly increased protein kinase C activity as well as intracellular Ca2+ levels. The effects of both NT-3 and BDNF on Ca2+ levels were attenuated in Ca(2+)-free medium, suggesting that both neurotrophins increase Ca2+ flux across the plasma membrane as well as release from internal stores. NT-3 also increased c-Fos expression in > 80% of the cells; the effect peaked at 30 min and declined to baseline by 120 min. Despite the activation of ras-MAP kinase and phosphoinositide signaling pathways, neither NT-3 nor BDNF alone or in combination could sustain hippocampal pyramidal neurons deprived of glial support. We conclude that in this system NT-3 and BDNF do not appear to be acting as classical "neurotrophic" factors and that activation of the MAP kinase pathway is insufficient for the promotion of neuronal survival.
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PMID:Neurotrophin-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor activate multiple signal transduction events but are not survival factors for hippocampal pyramidal neurons. 875

We investigated the signaling pathways exerted by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in relation to their survival-promoting effects on dissociated cultures of cerebellar granule cells prepared from postnatal 9-day-old rats. Granule neuron survival in culture was supported by BDNF, but not significantly by either nerve growth factor (NGF) or NT-3. BDNF and NT-3 resulted in not only the respective autophosphorylation of the Trk receptors, TrkB or TrkC, but also tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC, a protein involved in controlling p21ras activity, and phosphatidylinositol-3' (PI-3') kinase. NGF does not result in TrkA phosphorylation. In parallel, c-fos was induced within 30 min, in response to BDNF and NT-3. NT-3 induced the phosphorylation of these proteins to a lesser extent than BDNF. BDNF also induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma), but the NT-3-induced one was not detected. We postulate that no survival promotion by NT-3 is due to lesser level of trkC expression and of the NT-3-induced signaling in the cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI-3' inhibited the BDNF effect on neuronal survival. PI-3' kinase-dependent pathways might be involved in the promotion of cerebellar granule cell survival by BDNF.
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PMID:Signaling pathways and survival effects of BDNF and NT-3 on cultured cerebellar granule cells. 894 53

The neurotrophins are signaling factors that are essential for survival and differentiation of distinct neuronal populations during the development and regeneration of the nervous system. The long-term effects of neurotrophins have been studied in detail, but little is known about their acute effects on neuronal activity. Here we use permeabilized whole-cell patch clamp to demonstrate that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and nerve growth factor activate calcium-dependent, paxilline-sensitive potassium channels (BK channels) in cortical neurons. Application of NT-3 or nerve growth factor produced a rapid and gradual rise in BK current that was sustained for 30-50 min; brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 had no significant effect. The response to NT-3 was blocked by inhibitors of protein kinases, phospholipase C, and serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. Omission of Ca2+ from the extracellular medium prevented the NT-3 effect. Our results indicate that NT-3 stimulates BK channel activity in cortical neurons through a signaling pathway that involves Trk tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C, and protein dephosphorylation and is calcium-dependent. Activation of BK channels may be a major mechanism by which neurotrophins acutely regulate neuronal activity.
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PMID:Activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels in mouse [correction of rat] brain neurons by neurotrophin-3 and nerve growth factor. 902 72

TrkC is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) with high affinity. A number of naturally occurring splice variants of TrkC exist, including one (TrkC kil4) with a 14 amino acid insertion between subdomains VII and VIII of the tyrosine kinase domain. This kinase insert blocks the ability of NT-3 to stimulate neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and proliferation in fibroblasts. The inserts also block the ability of TrkC to form a high-affinity complex with Shc and phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) and the activation of PtdIns 3-kinase, and attenuates the sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In the current study we set out to determine whether the attenuation of the activation of MAPK by the insert was the result of the inability of TrkC to activate the Shc-Ras pathway, PtdIns 3-kinase activation, PLC gamma activation, or a combination thereof. Experiments with the use of cell-permeant inhibitors argue against a major role for PLC gamma and PtdIns 3-kinase in the activation of MAPK by TrkC. The introduction of the 14 amino acid kinase insert appeared to slow the kinetics of NT-3-stimulated Shc phosphorylation and Shc-Grb2 association and reduce their magnitude; an effect which was associated with a delayed, and only transient, activation of MAPK. Taken together, our data suggest that the apparent defect in MAPK activation caused by the kinase insert may result predominantly from an inhibition of high-affinity Shc binding, although a role for PLC gamma and PtdIns 3-kinase cannot be completely excluded.
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PMID:Analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by naturally occurring splice variants of TrkC, the receptor for neurotrophin-3. 907 61

Monoamine-activated alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) was shown to reduce the dopamine concentration in corpus striatum of adult rat brains and inhibit other neuronal functions in vivo and in vitro. As brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-4, and neurotrophin-3 are important neurotrophic factors for dopaminergic neurons, the effect of monoamine-activated alpha2M on signal transduction by trkB and trkC was investigated. The results show that monoamine-activated alpha2M binds to trkB and inhibits brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophin-4-promoted autophosphorylation of trkB in a dose-dependent manner in both trkB-expressing NIH3T3 (NIH3T3-trkB) and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Monoamine-activated alpha2M also blocks tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-1, which are key intracellular proteins involved in trkB signal transduction. Similarly, monoamine-activated alpha2M inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of neurotrophin-3-induced trkC and its signal transduction in a dose-dependent manner in NIH3T3 cells expressing trkC (NIH3T3-trkC). In contrast to monoamine-activated alpha2M, normal alpha2M has little or no significant inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of trkB and trkC. In addition, the retinoic acid-promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1, ERK-1, and/or ERK-2 in SH-SY5Y cells was unaffected by monoamine-activated alpha2M; this suggests that the inhibitory effect of activated alpha2M on the neurotrophin-stimulated phosphorylation of intracellular signalling proteins may be specific. Taken together, the data indicate that activated alpha2M is a pan-trk inhibitor, which by virtue of its binding to trk receptors may block trk-mediated signal transduction in dopaminergic neurons and lead to reduction of dopamine concentration in corpus striatum.
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PMID:Inhibition of phosphorylation of TrkB and TrkC and their signal transduction by alpha2-macroglobulin. 964 68

Expression of rat TrkA in Xenopus spinal neurons confers responsiveness of these neurons to nerve growth factor (NGF) in assays of neuronal survival and growth cone chemotropism. Mutational analysis indicates that coactivation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) by specific cytoplasmic domains of TrkA is essential for triggering chemoattraction of the growth cone in an NGF gradient. Uniform exposure of TrkA-expressing neurons to NGF resulted in a cross-desensitization of turning responses induced by a gradient of netrin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) but not by a gradient of collapsin-1/semaphorin III/D or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). These results, together with the effects of pharmacological inhibitors, support the notion that there are common cytosolic signaling pathways for two separate groups of guidance cues, one of which requires coactivation of PLC-gamma and PI3-kinase pathways.
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PMID:Phospholipase C-gamma and phosphoinositide 3-kinase mediate cytoplasmic signaling in nerve growth cone guidance. 1040

Although recent studies indicate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we have characterized the signaling events that mediate the BDNF modulation of high-frequency synaptic transmission. Mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) are the three signaling pathways known to mediate neurotrophin signaling in other systems. In neonatal hippocampal slices, application of BDNF rapidly activated MAPK and PI3K but not PLC-gamma. BDNF greatly attenuated synaptic fatigue at CA1 synapses induced by a train of high-frequency, tetanic stimulation (HFS). Inhibition of the MAPK and PI3K, but not PLC-gamma, prevented the BDNF modulation of high-frequency synaptic transmission. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), a close relative of BDNF, did not activate MAPK or PI3K and had no effect on synaptic fatigue in the neonatal hippocampus. Neither forskolin, which activated MAPK but not PI3 kinase, nor ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which activated PI3K but not MAPK, affected HFS-induced synaptic fatigue. Treatment of the slices with forskolin together with CNTF still had no effect on synaptic fatigue. Thus, although the activation of MAPK and PI3K is required, the two together are not sufficient to mediate the BDNF effect. Inhibition of new protein synthesis by anisomycin or cycloheximide did not prevent the BDNF effect. These data suggest that BDNF modulation of high-frequency transmission is independent of protein synthesis but requires MAPK and PI3K and yet another signaling pathway to act together in the hippocampus.
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PMID:Signaling mechanisms mediating BDNF modulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. 1049 6

Signaling mechanisms underlying neurotrophic regulation of synaptic transmission are not fully understood. Here we show that neurotrophin-3 (NT3)-induced potentiation of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular synapses is blocked by inhibition of phosphoinositide-3 kinase, phospholipase C-gamma or the downstream IP3 receptors of phospholipase C-gamma, but not by inhibition of MAP kinase. However, neither stimulation of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores by photolysis of caged IP3, nor expression of a constitutively active phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K*) in presynaptic motoneurons alone is sufficient to enhance transmission. Photo-uncaging of IP3 in neurons expressing PI3K* elicits a marked synaptic potentiation, mimicking the NT3 effect. These results reveal an involvement of PI3 kinase in transmitter release, and suggest that concomitant activation of PI3 kinase and IP3 receptors is both necessary and sufficient to mediate the NT3-induced synaptic potentiation.
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PMID:PI-3 kinase and IP3 are both necessary and sufficient to mediate NT3-induced synaptic potentiation. 1113 33


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