Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
 18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) is one of the key enzymes involved in the generation of ceramide; however, the gene(s) encoding for the mammalian N-SMase is still not well defined. Previous studies on the cloned nSMase1 had shown that the protein acts primarily as lyso-platelet-activating factor-phospholipase C. Recently the cloning of another putative N-SMase, nSMase2, was reported. In this study, biochemical characterization of the mouse nSMase2 was carried out using the overexpressed protein in yeast cells in which the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C (Isc1p) was deleted. N-SMase activity was dependent on Mg(2+) and was activated by phosphatidylserine and inhibited by GW4869. The ability of nSMase2 to recognize endogenous sphingomyelin (SM) as substrate was investigated by overexpressing nSMase2 in MCF7 cells. Mass measurements showed a 40% decrease in the SM levels in the overexpressor cells, and labeling studies demonstrated that nSMase2 accelerated SM catabolism. Accordingly, ceramide measurement showed a 60 +/- 15% increase in nSMase2-overexpressing cells compared with the vector-transfected MCF7. The role of nSMase2 in cell growth was next investigated. Stable overexpression of nSMase2 resulted in a 30-40% decrease in the rate of growth at the late exponential phase. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor induced approximately 50% activation of nSMase2 in MCF7 cells overexpressing the enzyme, demonstrating that nSMase2 is a tumor necrosis factor-responsive enzyme. In conclusion, these results 1) show that nSMase2 is a structural gene for nSMase, 2) suggest that nSMase2 acts as a bona fide N-SMase in cells, and 3) implicate nSMase2 in the regulation of cell growth and cell signaling.
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PMID:Biochemical properties of mammalian neutral sphingomyelinase 2 and its role in sphingolipid metabolism. 1256 38

Sphingolipids play a very crucial role in many diseases and are well-known as signaling mediators in many pathways. Sphingolipids are produced during the de novo process in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) from the nonsphingolipid precursor and comprise both structural and bioactive lipids. Ceramide is the central core of the sphingolipid pathway, and its production has been observed following various treatments that can induce several different cellular effects including growth arrest, DNA damage, apoptosis, differentiation, and senescence. Ceramides are generally produced through the sphingomyelin hydrolysis and catalyzed by the enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase) in mammals. Presently, there are many known SMases and they are categorized into three groups acid SMases (aSMases), alkaline SMases (alk-SMASES), and neutral SMases (nSMases). The yeast homolog of mammalians neutral SMases is inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C. Yeasts generally have inositol phosphosphingolipids instead of sphingomyelin, which may act as a homolog of mammalian sphingomyelin. In this review, we shall explain the structure and function of inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C1, its localization inside the cells, mechanisms, and its roles in various cell responses during replication stresses and diseases. This review will also give a new basis for our understanding for the mechanisms and nature of the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C1/nSMase.
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PMID:Role of Inositol Phosphosphingolipid Phospholipase C1, the Yeast Homolog of Neutral Sphingomyelinases in DNA Damage Response and Diseases. 2634 87