Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Activation of circulating platelets by subendothelial collagen is an essential event in vascular hemostasis. In human platelets, two membrane glycoprotein (GP) abnormalities, integrin alpha2 beta1 deficiency and GPVI deficiency, have been reported to result in severe hyporesponsiveness to fibrillar collagen. Although it has been well established that integrin alpha2 beta1, also known as the GPIa-IIa complex, functions as a primary platelet adhesion receptor for collagen, the mechanism by which GPVI contributes to collagen-platelet interaction has been ill defined to date. However, our recent observation that GPVI cross-linking couples to cyclic AMP-insensitive activation of c-Src and Syk tyrosine kinases suggested a potential role for GPVI in regulating protein-tyrosine phosphorylation by collagen (Ichinohe, T., Takayama, H., Ezumi, Y., Yanagi, S., Yamamura, H., and Okuma, M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28029-28036). To further investigate this hypothesis, here we examined the collagen-induced protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in GPVI-deficient platelets expressing normal amounts of alpha2 beta1. In response to collagen, these platelets exhibited alpha2 beta1-dependent c-Src activation accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of several substrates including cortactin. In contrast, severe defects were observed in collagen-stimulated Syk activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma2, Vav, and focal adhesion kinase, implicating a specific requirement of GPVI for recruiting these molecules to signaling cascades evoked by collagen-platelet interaction.
...
PMID:Collagen-stimulated activation of Syk but not c-Src is severely compromised in human platelets lacking membrane glycoprotein VI. 899 28

c-Src, the prototype of the cytoplasmic, membrane-associated,non-receptor tyrosine kinases, is a co-transducer of mitogenic signals emanating from a number of tyrosine kinase polypeptide growth factor receptors. Examples of such receptors include those that bind the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Investigations into the mechanisms by which c-Src contributes to receptor signaling suggest that interactions between the two proteins are bidirectional, i.e., that c-Src can bind, phosphorylate, and activate the receptor, and vice versa. The consequences of these interactions appear to be enhanced phosphorylation of specific substrates. Delineating which cellular proteins are substrates of which tyrosine kinase and determining the consequences of tyrosine phosphorylation on the function of specific substrates are the goals of current investigations. Utilizing the murine C3H10T fibroblast model, in which a panel of wild type and mutant c-Src/EGF receptor overexpressors has been studied for temporal and spatial second messenger responses to EGF, distinctions between substrates of c-Src and the EGF receptor and the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on substrate function are beginning to emerge. In the 10T model, preferred substrates of c-Src are almost exclusively comprised of those molecules that associate with the actin cytoskeleton or with focal adhesions, such as cortactin, p190RhoGAP, and p130CAS, while preferred substrates of the EGF receptor include the receptor itself, SHC, phospholipase C-gamma and p62DOK. While the major mitogenic signaling pathway is thought to proceed directly from the receptor (through SHC/GRB2/SOS/Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPkinase/Elk1), more evidence is accumulating to suggest that proteins involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton (such as c-Src substrates) also participate in mitogenesis, either as unique transducers of growth signals and/or as monitors of anti-apoptotic conditions (substratum attachment). How c-Src may contribute to the EGF mitogenic response through tyrosine phosphorylation of or association with its specific substrates is discussed. Cellular Src (c-Src), prototype for a family of intracellular membrane-associated tyrosine kinases, is required for mitogenesis initiated by multiple growth factor receptors, including the receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), and the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). C-Src is also overexpressed and/or activated in many of the same human carcinomas that overexpress members of the EGF receptor (EGFR) family, suggesting that the two types of tyrosine kinases can cooperate during the genesis of human tumors. This review focuses on the role of c-Src in EGF-dependent mitogenesis and tumorigenesis, i.e., on the interactions between c-Src and the receptor and on identification of c-Src substrates, their functions, and the effects of tyrosine phosphorylations on their functions. A synopsis of other mitogenic and signaling systems is also included for comparative purposes.
...
PMID:Role of c-Src tyrosine kinase in EGF-induced mitogenesis. 933 27

Endothelium of the cerebral blood vessels, which constitutes the blood-brain barrier, controls adhesion and trafficking of leukocytes into the brain. Investigating signaling pathways triggered by the engagement of adhesion molecules expressed on brain endothelial cells using two rat brain endothelial cell lines (RBE4 and GP8), we report in this paper that ICAM-1 cross-linking induces a sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PLC)gamma1, with a concomitant increase in both inositol phosphate production and intracellular calcium concentration. Our results suggest that PLC are responsible, via a calcium- and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway, for p60Src activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the p60Src substrate, cortactin. PKCs are also required for tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeleton-associated proteins, focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, but not for ICAM-1-coupled p130Cas phosphorylation. PKC's activation is also necessary for stress fiber formation induced by ICAM-1 cross-linking. Finally, cell pretreatment with intracellular calcium chelator or PKC inhibitors significantly diminishes transmonolayer migration of activated T lymphocytes, without affecting their adhesion to brain endothelial cells. In summary, our data demonstrate that ICAM-1 cross-linking induces calcium signaling which, via PKCs, mediates phosphorylation of actin-associated proteins and cytoskeletal rearrangement in brain endothelial cell lines. Our results also indicate that these calcium-mediated intracellular events are essential for lymphocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier.
...
PMID:ICAM-1-coupled cytoskeletal rearrangements and transendothelial lymphocyte migration involve intracellular calcium signaling in brain endothelial cell lines. 1097 56

Loss of expression of neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is implicated in the progression of tumour metastasis. Here we show that N-CAM modulates neurite outgrowth and matrix adhesion of beta-cells from pancreatic tumours by assembling a fibroblast-growth-factor receptor-4 (FGFR-4) signalling complex, which consists of N-cadherin, FGFR-4, phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma), the adaptor protein FRS2, pp60(c-src), cortactin and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). Dominant-negative FGFR-4, inhibitors of FGFR signalling and anti-beta(1)-integrin antibodies repress matrix adhesion induced by N-CAM. FGF ligands can replace N-CAM in promoting matrix adhesion but not neurite outgrowth. The results indicate that N-CAM stimulates beta1-integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion by activating FGFR signalling. This is a potential mechanism for preventing the dissemination of metastatic tumour cells.
...
PMID:N-CAM modulates tumour-cell adhesion to matrix by inducing FGF-receptor signalling. 1143 7

Wound keratinocytes form long cellular extensions that facilitate their migration from the wound edge into provisional matrix. We have previously shown that similar extensions can be induced by a long-term exposure to EGF or rapidly by staurosporine in cultured cells. This morphological change depends on the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Here, we have characterized the cytoskeletal changes involved in formation of these extended lamellipodia (E-lam) in human HaCaT keratinocytes. E-lams contained actin filaments, stable microtubules and keratin intermediate filaments. E-lam formation was prevented by cytochalasin D, colchicine and low concentrations of taxol and nocodazole, suggesting that actin and microtubule organization and dynamics are essential for E-lam formation. Staurosporine induced recruitment of filamentous actin (F-actin), cortactin, filamin, Arp2/3 complex, Rac1 GTPase and phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) to lamellipodia. Treatment of cells with the GSK-3 inhibitors SB-415286 and LiCl(2) inhibited E-lam formation and prevented the accumulation of Rac1 and Arp2/3 complex at lamellipodia. The formation of E-lams was dependent on fibronectin-binding integrins and normally regulated Rac1, and expression of either dominant-negative or constitutively active forms of Rac1 prevented E-lam formation. Overexpression of either RhoA or Cdc42 GTPases suppressed E-lam formation. We conclude that extended lamellipodia formation in keratinocytes requires actin and tubulin assembly at the leading edge, and this process is regulated by Rac1 downstream of GSK-3.
...
PMID:Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates cytoskeleton and translocation of Rac1 in long cellular extensions of human keratinocytes. 1472 58

In this study we have investigated hyaluronan (HA)-CD44 interaction with protein kinase N-gamma (PKNgamma), a small GTPase (Rac1)-activated serine/threonine kinase in human keratinocytes. By using a variety of biochemical and molecular biological techniques, we have determined that CD44 and PKNgamma kinase (molecular mass approximately 120 kDa) are physically linked in vivo. The binding of HA to keratinocytes promotes PKNgamma kinase recruitment into a complex with CD44 and subsequently stimulates Rac1-mediated PKNgamma kinase activity. The Rac1-activated PKNgamma in turn increases threonine (but not serine) phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC) gamma1 and up-regulates PLCgamma1 activity leading to the onset of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. HA/CD44-activated Rac1-PKNgamma also phosphorylates the cytoskeletal protein, cortactin, at serine/threonine residues. The phosphorylation of cortactin by Rac1-PKNgamma attenuates its ability to cross-link filamentous actin in vitro. Further analyses indicate that the N-terminal antiparallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains of PKNgamma interact directly with Rac1 in a GTP-dependent manner. The binding of HA to CD44 induces PKNgamma association with endogenous Rac1 and its activity in keratinocytes. Transfection of keratinocytes with PKNgamma-ACCcDNA reduces HA-mediated recruitment of endogenous Rac1 to PKNgamma and blocks PKNgamma activity. These findings suggest that the PKNgamma-ACC fragment acts as a potent competitive inhibitor of endogenous Rac1 binding to PKNgamma in vivo. Most important, the PKNgamma-ACC fragment functions as a strong dominant-negative mutant that effectively inhibits HA/CD44-mediated PKNgamma phosphorylation of PLCgamma1 and cortactin as well as keratinocyte signaling (e.g. Ca(2+) mobilization and cortactin-actin binding) and cellular functioning (e.g. cell-cell adhesion and differentiation). Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that hyaluronan-CD44 interaction with Rac1-PKNgamma plays a pivotal role in PLCgamma1-regulated Ca(2+) signaling and cortactin-cytoskeleton function required for keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion and differentiation.
...
PMID:Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction with Rac1-dependent protein kinase N-gamma promotes phospholipase Cgamma1 activation, Ca(2+) signaling, and cortactin-cytoskeleton function leading to keratinocyte adhesion and differentiation. 1512 40

We addressed the role of Src on cortical actin dynamics and polarized endocytosis in MDCK cells harboring a thermosensitive v-src mutant. Shifting monolayers established at 40 degrees C (non-permissive temperature) to 34 degrees C (permissive temperature) rapidly reactivated v-Src kinase, but tight junctions and cell polarity resisted for >6 h. At this interval, activated v-src was recruited on apical vesicles, induced cortactin-associated apical circular ruffles productive of macropinosomes, thereby accelerating apical pinocytosis by approximately fivefold. Ruffling and macropinosome formation were selectively abrogated by inhibitors of actin polymerization, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phospholipase C, and phospholipase D, which all returned apical pinocytosis to the level observed at 40 degrees C, underscoring the distinct control of apical micropinocytosis and macropinocytosis. Src promoted microtubule-dependent fusion of macropinosomes to the apical recycling endosome (ARE), causing its strong vacuolation. However, preservation of tubulation and apical polarity indicated that its function was not affected. The ARE was labeled for v-src, Rab11, and rabankyrin-5 but not early endosome antigen 1, thus distinguishing two separate Rab5-dependent apical pathways. The mechanisms of Src-induced apical ruffling and macropinocytosis could shed light on the triggered apical enteroinvasive pathogens entry and on the apical differentiation of osteoclasts.
...
PMID:Src triggers circular ruffling and macropinocytosis at the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells. 1664 81

Platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) play an important role in tumor pathogenesis and are frequently overexpressed in glioblastoma. Earlier we have shown that only confluent glioblastoma cell cultures exhibit a biphasic calcium transient upon PDGF stimulation. Here, we examined how the change in cell density leads to differential cellular responses to the same PDGF stimulus. PDGF beta receptors and their specific phosphotyrosine residues were fluorescently co-labeled on A172 and T98G glioblastoma cells. The distribution in cell membrane microdomains (lipid rafts) and the phosphorylation state of PDGFR was measured by confocal microscopy and quantitated by digital image processing. Corresponding bulk data were obtained by Western blotting. Activation of relevant downstream signaling pathways was assessed by immunofluorescence in confocal microscopy and by Western blot analysis. Functional outcomes were confirmed with bulk and single cell proliferation assays and motility measurements. In non-confluent (sparse) cultures PDGF-BB stimulation significantly increased phosphorylation of Tyr716 specific for the Ras/MAPK pathway and Tyr751 specific for the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. As cell monolayers reached confluence, Tyr771 and Tyr1021 were the prominently phosphorylated residues. Tyr771 serves as adaptor for Ras-GAP, which inactivates the MAPK pathway, and Tyr1021 feeds into the phospholipase C-gamma/PKC pathway. Coherent with this, MAPK phosphorylation, Ki-67 positivity and proliferation dominated in dispersed cells, and could be abolished with inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. At the same time, RhoA activation, redistribution of cortactin to leading edges, and increased motility were the prominent output features in confluent cultures. Importantly, the stimulus-evoked confluence-specific changes in the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues occurred mainly in GM1-rich lipid microdomains (rafts). These observations suggest that the same stimulus is able to promote distinctly relevant signaling outputs through a confluence dependent, lipid raft-based regulatory mechanism. In particular, cell division and survival in sparse cultures and inhibition of proliferation and promotion of migration in confluent monolayers. In our model, the ability to switch the final output of the same stimulus as a function of cell density could be a key to the balance of proliferation and invasion in malignant glioblastoma.
...
PMID:Cell confluence induces switching from proliferation to migratory signaling by site-selective phosphorylation of PDGF receptors on lipid raft platforms. 2663 74

---