Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Olfactory transduction in invertebrates seems to be similar to that in vertebrates. Three signalling systems involving activation of adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C and guanylate cyclase are present. A variety of second messengers, including cAMP, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, nitric oxide and Ca2+, have been identified but their target sites and mode of action are not yet fully understood. The central projections of olfactory signals in invertebrates are relatively simple and perhaps more hard-wired than in vertebrates. Information about circuitry and functional mapping in the olfactory pathway is lacking. This is essential for understanding the sensory code and higher olfactory functions. Neurogenetic analysis has provided useful insights into olfaction and olfactory learning.
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PMID:Olfaction in invertebrates. 821 21

L-Amino acids are potent olfactory stimuli for Atlantic salmon. A plasma membrane fraction, previously shown to be rich in amino acid binding sites, was prepared from olfactory rosettes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and utilized to investigate the role of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis in olfactory signal transduction. A cocktail of L-amino acids (Ser, Glu, Lys, and Gly) stimulated PIP2 hydrolysis by phospholipase C (PLC) in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal stimulation when all amino acids were present at approximately 1 microM. Stimulation of PIP2 hydrolysis by amino acids required GTP gamma S, which alone had no effect on PLC activity. Unlike GTP gamma S, AlF4- and Ca2+ stimulated PIP2 breakdown. Preincubation with 1 mM GDP beta S eliminated the effect of amino acids and AlF4- on PIP2 hydrolysis, suggesting the involvement of G protein regulation. The lack of stimulation by GTP gamma S alone suggested that there was negligible exchange of GTP gamma S for GDP in the absence of odorant. There were no significant effects of amino acids on either adenylate cyclase or guanylate cyclase activities in the membrane preparation under these conditions. The effect of the amino acid cocktail was maximal at 1-10 nM free Ca2+. At or above 100 nM free Ca2+, no effect of amino acids on PIP2 hydrolysis was found. However, between 100 nM and 100 microM, Ca2+ directly stimulated PLC activity in a dose-dependent manner. This stimulation by Ca2+ appeared to be G protein independent because it did not require GTP gamma S and was not inhibited by GDP beta S.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Stimulation of Ca(2+)-regulated olfactory phospholipase C by amino acids. 824 Nov 23

1. In this paper we have determined the different signalling pathways involved in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-dependent inhibition of contractility in rat isolated atria. 2. Carbachol stimulation of M2 muscarinic AChRs exerts a negative inotropic response, activation of phosphoinositide turnover, stimulation of nitric oxide synthase and increased production of cyclic GMP. 3. Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, shifted the dose-response curve of carbachol on contractility to the right. These inhibitors also attenuated the muscarinic receptor-dependent increase in cyclic GMP and activation of nitric oxide synthase. In addition, sodium nitroprusside, isosorbide, or 8-bromo cyclic GMP, induced a negative inotropic effect, increased cyclic GMP and activated nitric oxide synthase. 4. These results suggest that carbachol activation of M2 AChRs, exerts a negative inotropic effect associated with increased production of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. The mechanism appears to occur secondarily to stimulation of phosphoinositides turnover via phospholipase C activation. This in turn, triggers cascade reactions involving calcium/calmodulin and protein kinase C, leading to activation of nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase.
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PMID:Endogenous nitric oxide signalling system and the cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-inotropic response. 856 14

Previous studies have shown that the neuropeptide, eclosion hormone, stimulates a nitric oxide-independent increase in the levels of cGMP in the nervous system of Manduca sexta. By contrast, recent results in Bombyx mori suggest that eclosion hormone increases cGMP via the production of nitric oxide. In view of these conflicting results we have carried out additional studies to test whether nitric oxide is involved in this process in Manduca. Evidence presented here supports our earlier observations that in Manduca the eclosion hormone-stimulated increase in cGMP is nitric oxide- and carbon monoxide-independent. In addition, we show that a wide variety of inhibitors of lipid metabolism block the eclosion hormone-stimulated cGMP increase. This supports the hypothesis that the activation of the guanylate cyclase is mediated by a lipid messenger. We also show that eclosion hormone stimulates an increase in the levels of inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate. The time-course of this increase is consistent with the hypothesis that eclosion hormone stimulation of a phospholipase C is an early event in the cascade that results in an increase in cGMP. Receptor-mediated lipid hydrolysis is often mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Experiments using pertussis toxin show that the eclosion hormone-stimulated increase in cGMP is not mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
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PMID:Eclosion hormone-stimulated cGMP levels in the central nervous system of Manduca sexta: inhibition by lipid metabolism blockers, increase in inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and further evidence against the involvement of nitric oxide. 857 54

Pancreastatin is a 49 amino acid peptide first isolated, purified and characterized from porcine pancreas. Its biological activity in different tissues can be assigned to the C-terminal part of the molecule. Pancreastatin has a prohormonal precursor, chromogranin A, which is a glycoprotein present in neuroendocrine cells, including the endocrine pancreas. We have been interested in pancreastatin action in the liver. We found that pancreastatin has a glycogenolytic effect in the hepatocyte both in vivo and in vitro. We then studied and characterized the specific pancreastatin receptor in the rat liver plasma membrane, as well as the specific signal transduction. This receptor appears to be coupled to two different G proteins. A pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins leads to the activation of phospholipase C, and therefore mediates the glycogenolytic effect in the liver by increasing cytoplasmic free calcium and stimulating protein kinase C. The role of cyclic GMP in the action of pancreastatin is not known yet, although it seems to regulate negatively the activation of phospholipase C. The precise mechanism by which pancreastatin stimulates guanylate cyclase activity remains to be studied.
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PMID:Pancreastatin action in the liver: dual coupling to different G proteins. 877 44

In this paper we analyse the interaction of IgG from T. cruzi infected patients with cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Human chagasic IgG, activating M2 mAChR simulated the agonist actions excerting negative inotropic effect and stimulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin, NOS and guanylate cyclase activities prevented the chagasic effects upon contractility and NOS activity.
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PMID:Negative inotropic effect of chagasic IgG mediated by nitric oxide. 893 88

We have previously demonstrated that agonists increase microvascular permeability through a phospholipase C-nitric oxide synthase-guanylate cyclase cascade. The aim of this study was to further investigate the downstream end of the signaling pathway with a focus on myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. The apparent permeability coefficient to albumin was measured in isolated coronary venules. Under control conditions, the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside, as well as the guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activator 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, increased venular permeability two- to threefold. Similarly, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate significantly elevated permeability. Inhibition of MLC phosphorylation with ML-7 significantly attenuated the hyperpermeability responses to the agonists. Furthermore, ML-7 dose dependently reduced basal venular permeability. Consistently, inhibition of dephosphorylation with the protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin dramatically increased basal permeability. These results suggest that 1) PKG and PKC play an important signaling role in the regulation of endothelial barrier function and 2) MLC phosphorylation contributes to basal and agonist-stimulated microvascular permeability.
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PMID:Myosin light chain phosphorylation: modulation of basal and agonist-stimulated venular permeability. 908 22

In this work, we have studied the effects and the possible cellular mechanism of Substance P (SP) on corticosteroid secretion by the adrenal gland of the urodele crested newt, Triturus carnifex. Adrenals were in vitro superfused with SP, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO) donor, cyclic GMP (cGMP) analogue, and inhibitors of phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C, adenylate cyclase (AC), cyclooxygenase (COX), NO synthase (NOS), and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). PGE2, corticosterone, and aldosterone release and NOS activity were determined. SP, PGE2, NO donor, and cGMP analogue increased corticosterone and aldosterone; SP and PGE2 increased NOS, and SP increased PGE2. PLA2, AC, COX, NOS, and sGC inhibitors counteracted SP and PGE2 effects, except for PLA2, which did not affect PGE2. These results suggest that SP exhibits a stimulatory role on the corticosteroidogenesis of T. carnifex adrenal gland. In particular SP enhances PLA2 activity, increasing PGE2; this prostaglandin affects AC, which, in turn, enhances NO, and the latter therefore affects sGC, with the consequent corticosteroidogenesis increase.
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PMID:Cellular mechanism of substance P in the regulation of corticosteroid secretion by newt adrenal gland. 914 46

The possible role of altered humoral immune response in the pathogenesis of the chronic chagasic cardioneuromyopathy was examined by analyzing the interaction of IgG from T. cruzi infected patients with cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). Human chagasic IgG by activating cardiac M2 mAChR, simulated the agonist actions triggering negative inotropic effect, inositol phosphate accumulation, nitric oxide synthase stimulation and increased production of cyclic GMP. Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase activities; prevented chagasic IgG effects on signaling pathways involved in M2 mAChR activation. In addition, sodium nitroprusside or 8-bromo cyclic GMP, mimicked the chagasic IgG effect associated with cholinergic-mediated cellular transmembrane signals. Moreover, these chagasic IgG immunoprecipitated the mAChRs solubilized from cardiac membranes. By means of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis, chagasic sera recognized a band of 70-75 kDa. The major protein recognized by chagasic IgG had an Rf coincident with the peak of [3H] propylbenzilylcholine mustard with an apparent molecular weight similar to that of mAChRs, which disappeared in the presence of atropine. The specificity of this interaction was checked by immunoprecipitation of rat cardiac mAChR and immunoblotting of pure human M2 mAChRs. Chronic interaction of chagasic IgG with myocardial mAChRs, behaving as a muscarinic agonist, might lead to cell dysfunction or tissue damage. Also, these antibodies could produce desensitization, internalization or degradation of mAChRs; explaining the progressive blockade of mAChRs in myocardium with parasympathetic denervation, a phenomenon that has been described in the course of Chagas' cardioneuromyopathy.
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PMID:Participation of nitric oxide signaling system in the cardiac muscarinic cholinergic effect of human chagasic IgG. 923 39

The exposure of human platelets to prostaglandin H2 analogue (PGH2, U46619) induces homologous desensitization and a concomitant adenylate cyclase (AC) sensitization. We demonstrate the involvement of phospholipase C (PLC) in this enzyme sensitization. Pre-incubation of platelets with neomycin, a PLC activity inhibitor, prevented AC sensitization but not PGH2/thromboxane (Tx)A2 receptor desensitization. PGH2/TxA2 receptor desensitization, although necessary, is not sufficient to induce AC sensitization, since neomycin, which prevents AC sensitization, failed to prevent receptor desensitization. Inositol phosphate formation, determined in parallel, was also inhibited. Interestingly, no guanylate cyclase sensitization was noted, suggesting a specific relationship between PGH2/TxA2 receptor desensitization and AC sensitization. In addition, using alkaline phosphatase, a dephosphorylating enzyme, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin, we examined the role of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation on AC sensitization. Effectively, alkaline phosphatase, which has no effect by itself, enhances the cAMP production triggered by prostacyclin in control but not in desensitized platelets. In contrast, erbstatin failed to modify this synthesis, indicating the non-involvement of tyrosine kinase pathway in this process. Our results indicate that the AC sensitization was mediated by PLC and also suggest the participation of other mechanisms, including phosphorylation-dephosphorylation processes. This specific enzyme sensitization may be relevant for the in vivo modulation of platelet activation, in different thrombotic diseases with an increased TxA2 generation.
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PMID:Signal transduction involved in the platelet adenylate cyclase sensitization associated with PGH2/TxA2 receptor desensitization. 935 23


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