Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
 18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The properties of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Bacillus thuringiensis were studied in detail. The enzyme was extremely thermostable in 0.1% bovine serum albumin and retained 73% of its activity at 100 degrees C for 10 min, while it was labile in the absence of albumin. The enzymatic activity was inhibited by HgCl2 or p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and restored by dithiothreitol. The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of PI-PLC were determined for the mixed micelle of yeast phosphatidylinositol (PI)/Triton X-100 or sodium deoxycholate. Four PIs having different acyl chains: dilauroylphosphatidylinositol (DLPI), dimyristoylphosphatidylinositol (DMPI), dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol (DPPI) and dioleoylphosphatidylinositol (DOPI) were synthesized from yeast PI through the processes of deacylation and reacylation, identified by infrared (IR) and Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectra, and subjected to the action of PI-PLC. All the synthetic PIs were hydrolyzed by this enzyme, with DLPI and DMPI being the best substrates. PI-PLC did not catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphatidylnucleosides 5'-phosphatidylcytidine, 5'-phosphatidyluridine, 5'-phosphatidylthymidine, 5'-phosphatidyladenosine and 5'-phosphatidyl-2'-deoxyadenosine.
 ...
PMID:The study on phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus thuringiensis: synthesis of homogeneous substrates, substrate specificity and other properties. 142 68

Ascidian eggs release N-acetylglucosaminidase rapidly into the seawater following fertilization. This glycosidase is detected seconds after fertilization, and histochemical tests suggest the cell surface as the prefertilization storage site (Lambert, C. C. (1989). Development 105, 415-420). Living eggs of Ascidia ceratodes, A. callosa, and A. paratropa all cleave a fluorogenic substrate in seawater. Following cell surface biotinylation and activation of the eggs, enzyme activity binds to streptavidin further substantiating the cell surface localization. The released glycosidase has a molecular weight of 180 kDa by size exclusion chromatography and exhibits bands at 62 and 70 kDa by SDS-PAGE, suggesting a possibly multimeric enzyme. The enzyme is released by a glycophosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and HNO2 deamination, both of which are specific indicators of linkage to the cell surface via phosphatidylinositol. The enzyme from unfertilized eggs is quite hydrophobic in Triton X-114 phase partition experiments but becomes hydrophyllic after release by activation or deamination. All of these observations are consistent with the glycosidase being anchored to the cell surface via a GPI anchor that is cleaved at fertilization to yield the soluble form of the enzyme which helps protect the egg against polyspermy. We discuss the possible role of a cell surface PLC in this release.
 ...
PMID:Glycolipid linkage of a polyspermy blocking glycosidase to the ascidian egg surface. 142 36

We have used a dominant inhibitory ras mutant (Ha-ras Asn-17) to investigate the relationship of Ras proteins to hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the transduction of mitogenic signals. Expression of Ha-Ras Asn-17 inhibited NIH 3T3 cell proliferation induced by polypeptide growth factors or phorbol esters. In contrast, the mitogenic activity of PC-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) was not inhibited by Ha-Ras Asn-17 expression. Similarly, cotransfection with a cloned PC-PLC gene bypassed the block to NIH 3T3 cell proliferation resulting from expression of the inhibitory ras mutant. Hydrolysis of PC can therefore induce cell proliferation in the absence of normal Ras activity, suggesting that PC-derived second messengers may act downstream of Ras in mitogenic signal transduction. This was substantiated by the finding that Ha-Ras Asn-17 expression inhibited growth factor-stimulated hydrolysis of PC. Taken together, these results indicate that PC hydrolysis is a target of Ras during the transduction of growth factor-initiated mitogenic signals.
 ...
PMID:Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine is stimulated by Ras proteins during mitogenic signal transduction. 144 68

Myocardial cell vulnerability to phospholipase C (PC-PLC) attack was investigated in three different preparations of rat myocardial cells: triacylglycerol (TG)-loaded, hypothermic/rewarmed and energy depleted myocytes. The attack by PC-PLC was evaluated as PC-PLC induced glycerol output due to the combined action of phospholipase C and intracellular lipases. PC-PLC induced glycerol output was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all three myocyte preparations, compared to their respective controls. Cell morphology (% rod shaped myocytes) of TG-loaded or hypothermic/rewarmed myocytes was not different from their controls, whereas energy depleted myocytes almost exclusively were rounded up, due to hypercontraction of the myofilaments. Hypothermic/rewarmed and energy depleted myocytes showed a significantly higher release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), compared to their controls although the difference was much more pronounced in the latter. Finally, the cellular contents of ATP were maintained both in TG-loaded and hypothermic rewarmed myocytes, while energy depleted myocytes contained only about 25% of the normal ATP level. These results demonstrate that attack from exogenously added phospholipases can occur, not only in seriously damaged cardiac myocytes, but in myocytes with a more subtle damage as well.
 ...
PMID:Myocardial cell vulnerability to exogenous phospholipase attack. 148 Jan 54

Qa-2 antigen, a nonclassical MHC antigen, is one of a group of cell surface antigens that may be anchored to the cell surface by a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage rather than, as is the case with the classical MHC antigens, K, D, and L, by a transmembrane linkage. Recent studies have shown that T cells may be activated through the cross-linking of GPI anchored Qa-2 antigens by anti-Qa-2 antiserum. The Qa-2 antigens involved in signal transduction in activated T cells are sensitive to lipolytic cleavage by phosphatidylinositol-dependent-phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Since T cell function is known to decline with age, a study was undertaken to determine whether the relative amount of lipase sensitive Qa-2 antigen changes with age. Ficoll- Hypaque purified peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from C57BL/6 and A strain mice from 6-30 months of age. The cells were incubated with or without phosphatidylinositol- dependent-phospholipase C followed by incubation with anti-Qa-2 monoclonal antibodies and a fluorescein labeled second antibody. Analysis on a FACScan flow cytometer demonstrated that the A strain mice had a single population of Qa-2 positive lymphocytes which increased in lipase sensitivity with age. The C57BL/6 strain mice of all ages had two populations of Qa-2 positive cells, one staining with high fluorescence intensity (high antigen density) and the other with low fluorescence intensity (low antigen density). The proportion of cells found in the high density peak increased markedly with age, suggesting on overall increase in Qa-2 expression. In young animals, only the high density peak was sensitive to PI-PLC treatment. In older animals, the cells originally appearing in the high density population shifted to the low density population after treatment with PI-PLC, suggesting that there must be both lipase sensitive and lipase insensitive forms of Qa-2 present on lymphocytes in these aging C57BL/6 mice. Overall, these data suggest that the proportion of lymphocytes expressing lipase sensitive Qa-2 is increased on lymphocytes of old mice. Since a role for lipase sensitive GPI-linked Qa-2-antigen has recently been postulated in T cell activation, it is possible that the increased lipase sensitive Qa-2 antigen may play a role in age-related changes in T cell function.
 ...
PMID:Expression of phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipase C sensitive Qa-2 antigen is increased on peripheral blood lymphocytes of aging mice. 148 61

A number of studies have demonstrated the activation of phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC-PLC) both by growth factors and by the product of the ras oncogene, p21ras. Evidence has been presented indicating that the stimulation of this phospholipid degradative pathway is sufficient to activate mitogenesis in fibroblasts as well as that it is sufficient and necessary for induction of maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes. However, the mechanism whereby PC-PLC transduces mitogenic signals triggered by growth factors or oncogenes remains to be elucidated. In this study, data are presented that show the involvement of protein kinase C zeta subspecies in the channelling of the mitogenic signal activated by insulin-p21ras-PC-PLC in Xenopus oocytes as well as the lack of a critical role of protein kinase C isotypes alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon in these pathways.
 ...
PMID:Evidence for a role of protein kinase C zeta subspecies in maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. 150 83

The addition of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to rat hepatocytes in primary culture resulted in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) by a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). DG showed a biphasic increase; the first phase, corresponding with the peak of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and a second larger and prolonged phase. The HGF stimulates the phosphatidylcholine (PC)-derived prolonged DG formation by a phospholipase C pathway (PC-PLC) but not by a phospholipase D pathway. HGF also was found to elicit [Ca2+] oscillations which may be associated with the prolonged DG production from PC via the PC-PLC phospholipase C pathway.
 ...
PMID:Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mediates the sustained formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol via phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C in cultured rat hepatocytes. 153 60

Stimulation of the signal transduction cascade in T cells through the T-cell receptor (CD3) coincides with activation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) pathway. activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) occurs through tyrosine phosphorylation in T cells following surface ligation of CD3 receptors with CD3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Here we show that cross-linking of CD4 molecules with CD3 augments the tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1, while co-ligation of CD3 with CD45 (a receptor tyrosine phosphatase) results in reduced PLC gamma 1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Mobilization of intracellular calcium correlated with the extent of PLC gamma 1 tyrosine phosphorylation, indicating that PLC gamma 1 enzymatic activity in T cells may be regulated by its phosphorylation state. The time-course of PLC gamma 1 tyrosine phosphorylation in cells stimulated by soluble anti-CD3 was transient and closely paralleled that of calcium mobilization, while the kinetics in cells stimulated by immobilized anti-CD3 were prolonged. The PI-PLC pathway in T cells was not stimulated by tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC gamma 2, a homologue of PLC gamma 1, demonstrating the strict regulation of PLC gamma isoform usage in CD3-stimulated T cells. A 35,000/36,000 MW tyrosine phosphorylated protein in T cells formed stable complexes with PLC gamma 1, and its tyrosine phosphorylation was co-regulated with that of PLC gamma 1 by CD4 and CD45 receptors. Enzymatic activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1 occurs during growth factor stimulation of fibroblasts, where PLC gamma 1 exists in multi-component complexes. The observation that PLC gamma 1 exists in complexes with unique tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in T cells suggests that haematopoietic lineage-specific proteins associated with PLC gamma 1 may play roles in cellular signalling.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of CD3-induced phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) tyrosine phosphorylation by CD4 and CD45 receptors. 153 89

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor of the plasma membrane-associated heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan was metabolically radiolabeled with [3H]myristic acid, [3H]palmitic acid, [3H]inositol, [3H]ethanolamine, or [32P]phosphate in rat ovarian granulosa cell culture. Cell cultures labeled with [3H]myristic acid or [3H]palmitic acid were extracted with 4 M guanidine HCl buffer containing 2% Triton X-100 and the proteoglycans were purified by ion exchange chromatography after extensive delipidation. Specific incorporation of 3H into GPI-anchor was demonstrated by removing the label with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Incorporation of 3H activity into glycosaminoglycans and core glycoproteins was also demonstrated. However, the specific activity of 3H in these structures was approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than that in the GPI-anchor, suggesting that 3H label was the result of the metabolic utilization of catabolic products of the 3H-labeled fatty acids. PI-PLC treatment of cell cultures metabolically labeled with [3H]inositol, [3H]ethanolamine, or [32P]phosphate specifically released radiolabeled cell surface-associated HS proteoglycans indicating the presence of GPI-anchor in these proteoglycans. GPI-anchored HS proteoglycans accounted for 20-30% of the total cell surface-associated HS proteoglycans and virtually all of them were removed by PI-PLC. These results further substantiate the presence of GPI-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan in ovarian granulosa cells and its cell surface localization.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic labeling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in rat ovarian granulosa cells. 153 35

Rat ovarian granulosa cells synthesize two distinct species of plasma membrane-intercalated heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans; glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored and core protein-intercalated HS proteoglycans. Both species of HS proteoglycans are primarily localized on the plasma membrane. Cell surface localization of GPI-anchored and protein-intercalated HS proteoglycans can be determined by their accessibility to exogenously added phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and trypsin, respectively. Kinetic parameters for the processes involving their transfer from the Golgi to the cell surface, endocytosis and secretion, and the modes of intracellular degradation were determined by metabolic labeling experiments using [35S]sulfate and various chase protocols in combination with the use of PI-PLC and trypsin in rat ovarian granulosa cells. The experiments demonstrated that (i) both HS proteoglycan species are transferred from the Golgi to the cell surface with an average transit time of approximately 12 min. (ii) GPI-anchored HS proteoglycans are endocytosed with a t1/2 approximately 3 h, without being shed into the medium, and they are rapidly degraded, t1/2 approximately 25 min, without generating recognizable degradation intermediates. (iii) Protein-intercalated HS proteoglycans are partly (approximately 30%) shed from the cell surface into the medium and the remaining approximately 70% are endocytosed with a t1/2 approximately 4 h. After endocytosis, they undergo a slow (t1/2 approximately 4 h) stepwise degradation generating distinct HS oligosaccharides as degradation intermediates. These results indicate that the GPI-anchored and the protein-intercalated HS proteoglycans have distinct secretory, endocytotic, and intracellular degradation pathways probably due to the differences in their anchor structures.
 ...
PMID:Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and core protein-intercalated heparan sulfate proteoglycans in rat ovarian granulosa cells have distinct secretory, endocytotic, and intracellular degradative pathways. 153 36


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>