Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
 18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchored protein, membrane dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19) is released from the surface of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in response to insulin treatment through the action of a phospholipase C. The present study investigates the role of guanine-nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) in this process. Treatment of permeabilized 3T3-L1 adipocytes with GTPgammaS did not cause release of membrane dipeptidase into the medium, while GDPbetaS did not inhibit the insulin-stimulated release of membrane dipeptidase. Other activators of G-proteins, including the tetradecapeptide mastoparan, pertussis toxin and AlF3, also caused no significant release of membrane dipeptidase from the surface of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. From these observations it is concluded that G-proteins are not involved in the insulin-stimulated release of membrane dipeptidase. Although X-Pro aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.9) is GPI-anchored in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as shown by digestion with bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, it was not released upon insulin treatment of the cells, indicating that only a subset of the GPI-anchored proteins are susceptible to insulin-stimulated release.
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PMID:Insulin stimulates the release of a subset of GPI-anchored proteins in a G-protein independent manner. 1082 37

Spontaneous enzymic release of renal dipeptidase (RDPase; EC 3.4.13.19), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked ectoenzyme, was observed in vitro during incubation of porcine proximal tubules at 37 degrees C. Triton X-114 phase separation of the released RDPase showed that the majority of the enzyme activity partitioned into the aqueous phase, indicating its hydrophilic nature. Immunoblot analyses using an antibody against the cross-reacting determinant (CRD) inositol 1,2-cyclic monophosphate, the epitope formed by phospholipase C (PLC) cleavage of the GPI anchor on a protein, detected the released RDPase. Reprobing the immunoblot with an anti-RDPase serum showed the RDPase band co-migrating with the CRD band. The release of RDPase from the proximal tubules was a Ca(2+)-dependent process and had a pH optimum of 9.0. These results indicate that RDPase is released from the proximal tubules by the action of a distinct endogenous GPI-specific PLC.
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PMID:Endogenous glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C releases renal dipeptidase from kidney proximal tubules in vitro. 1113 99

The 1I gene is expressed in the prespore cells of culminating Dictyostelium discoideum. The open reading frame of 1I cDNA encodes a protein of 155 amino acids with hydrophobic segments at both its NH(2)- and COOH-termini that are indicative of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. A hexaHis-tagged form of 1I expressed in D. discoideum cells appeared on Western blot analysis as a doublet of 27 and 24 kDa, with a minor polypeptide of 22 kDa. None of the polypeptides were released from the cell surface with bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, although all three were released upon nitrous acid treatment, indicating the presence of a phospholipase-resistant GPI anchor. Further evidence for the C-terminal sequence of 1I acting as a GPI attachment signal was obtained by replacing the GPI anchor signal sequence of porcine membrane dipeptidase with that from 1I. Two constructs of dipeptidase with the 1I GPI signal sequence were constructed, one of which included an additional six amino acids in the hydrophilic spacer. Both of the resultant constructs were targeted to the surface of COS cells and were GPI-anchored as shown by digestion with phospholipase C, indicating that the Dictyostelium GPI signal sequence is functional in mammalian cells. Site-specific antibodies recognising epitopes either side of the expected GPI anchor attachment site were used to determine the site of GPI anchor attachment in the constructs. These parallel approaches show that the C-terminal signal sequence of 1I can direct the addition of a GPI anchor.
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PMID:The carboxyl terminus of Dictyostelium discoideum protein 1I encodes a functional glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol signal sequence. 1128 75

The release mechanism of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored renal dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.19) in vivo has been investigated. Triton X-114 phase separation indicated that the dipeptidase is exclusively present as a hydrophilic form in urine from porcine, rat, rabbit and human. Western blot analysis of human and porcine purified dipeptidase and the urine concentrates with anti-(cross-reacting determinant) serum demonstrated the presence of inositol 1,2-cyclic monophosphate indicating that the renal dipeptidase had been released from the membrane by the action of a phospholipase C. This is the first direct evidence for cleavage of a human GPI-anchored protein by a responsible phospholipase C in vivo.
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PMID:Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored renal dipeptidase is released by a phospholipase C in vivo. 1183 71

The incubation of porcine renal proximal tubules (PTs) resulted in the release of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored renal dipeptidase (RDPase, EC 3. 4. 13. 19) from the membrane after a lag period of approximately 6 hours. This spontaneous release of RDPase from the membrane was inhibited by antibiotics. When the incubation supernatant was added back to fresh PTs, both the antibiotic inhibition of RDPase release and the lag period disappeared. The released RDPase reacted with an anti-cross reacting determinant antibody indicating the presence of the Ins (1,2-cyc)P moiety. These results suggest that bacteria in the PTs, when incubated, grow and secrete a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). This enzyme then hydrolyses the GPI-anchored RDPase and is transferable. RDPase was purified following its release from the membrane by this simple and inexpensive method which may also be applied to other GPI-anchored proteins.
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PMID:Spontaneous release of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored renal dipeptidase from porcine renal proximal tubules. 1188 98

NO is related to the pathological condition acute renal failure, in which we previously observed that the level of soluble dipeptidase in urine was decreased. In this study the role of NO in the shedding of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored form of renal dipeptidase (RDPase) was examined. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine rapidly inhibited the release of RDPase from porcine kidney proximal tubules. The substrate of NO synthase, l-Arg, also inhibited the release of RDPase, and this effect was reversed by the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Western-blot analyses using antibodies raised against porcine RDPase and the inositol-1,2-cyclic monophosphate moiety formed on phospholipase C cleavage of the GPI anchor demonstrated that SNP mediated its inhibitory effect on the release of RDPase via a GPI-specific phospholipase C (GPI-PLC). Peroxynitrite scavengers (deferoxamine and superoxide dismutase) or reducing agent (dithiothreitol) did not affect SNP's inhibition of the release of RDPase. Exposure to the G-protein activator AlF(-)(4) mimicked the l-Arg effect in the presence of a low concentration of l-Arg, and the effect was completely reversed by U73122, an intracellular phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC) inhibitor. These results suggest a signal-transduction pathway involving NO, which is produced by NO synthase(s) following activation of a G-protein-coupled PI-PLC, resulting in inhibition of the GPI-PLC that cleaves and releases RDPase. Therefore, this indicates a role for NO as an inhibitory regulator of the shedding of the GPI-anchored RDPase in acute renal failure.
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PMID:Nitric oxide inhibits the shedding of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored dipeptidase from porcine renal proximal tubules. 1198 94

Following conjugation with glutathione, xenobiotics are converted into cysteinylglycine conjugates, cysteine conjugates, and finally, mercapturic acids. The structural factors determining the activities of dipeptidases for the metabolism of toxicologically-relevant cysteinylglycine conjugates are not well understood. We purified porcine kidney cortex membrane dipeptidase (MDP) to homogeneity, via phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-mediated cleavage of the protein's membrane anchor and cilastatin affinity chromatography. The homodimeric structure of the MDP protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The cysteinylglycine conjugates of 1-(chloromethyl)naphthalene, 4-nitrobenzyl chloride, and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were synthesized and HPLC separation methods for their quantitation were developed. MDP catalyzed the hydrolysis of all three conjugates, but the rate of this activity was strongly dependent on the nature of the substituent on the cysteine sulfur atom.
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PMID:Hydrolysis of S-aryl-cysteinylglycine conjugates catalyzed by porcine kidney cortex membrane dipeptidase. 2274 79


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