Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phospholipase activity of 10 strains of Bacillus cereus was studied. The most active strain of Bac. cereus--phospholipase producer was selected. A cultivation mixture of Bac. cereus optimal for the phospholipase synthesis was found to include peptone, yeast extract, glucose, NaCl and Na2HPO4. Proper conditions for the synthesis of phospholipase in flasks, 20 l and 250 l fermenters were tested. The maximum increase of the phospholipase activity occurred by the 5-9th hour of microbial growth at pH 6.0-8.0. Further cultivation, foaming, strong aeration, pH increase (over 8.0) reduced the accumulated activity. By fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, ethanol precipitation, protamine sulphate treatment with subsequent Sephadex G-100 gel filtration phospholipase (EC 3.1.4.3) was purified 300-fold from the culture liquid of Bac. cereus str. 504. The preparation was examined electrophoretically in 7% polyacrylamide gel at alkaline pH. The effect of metal salts and EDTA on phospholipase activity was studied. Thermostability, substrate specificity and pH optimum of purified phospholipase were investigated.
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PMID:[Phospholipase of Bacillus cereus]. 1 9

Purification of phospholipase C from Bac. cereus by chromatography on aminoalkylpolysaccharide adsorbents is described. The dependence of the degree of enzyme purification on the amount of ligant and effect of pH and buffer systems on the adsorption-desorption of phospholipase have been studied. At a pH below 9.0 phospholipase C is not retained by the adsorbents and is purified 4-5-fold and up to 23-fold, when aminoalkyl-Sepharose and hexamethylenediamine Sephadex are used respectively. With an increase in the pH value up to 10.0, the enzyme is bound by the adsorbent and is eluted with a 40-90% yield of activity and 7-10-fold purification. The resulting phospholipase C is highly purified and electrophoretically homogeneous. A mechanism of the enzyme-adsorbent interaction is discussed.
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PMID:[Purification of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus by chromatography on aminoalkylpolysaccharide adsorbents]. 1

We examined the effects of heparin, guanosine nucleotides, protein kinase C (PKC) modulators, such as phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) and H-7 on Ca(2+)-dependent K+ currents in smooth muscle cells of the rabbit portal vein using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, to explore the effects of PKC on the oscillatory outward current (Ioo). Neomycin (30 microM), an inhibitor of phospholipase C, and intracellular applications of heparin (10 micrograms/ml) and guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP[beta S]; 1 mM) partly but consistently inhibited the generation of Ioo, whereas a higher concentration of heparin (100 micrograms/ml) transiently enhanced then suppressed the generation of Ioo. Inhibition of Ioo generation by heparin was more powerful at the holding potential of +20 mV than at -20 mV. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3; 30 microM) continuously generated Ioo at holding potentials more positive than -60 mV. Noradrenaline (10 microM) and caffeine (3-20 mM) transiently augmented, then reduced the generation of Ioo. Heparin (10 micrograms/ml) completely inhibited responses induced by InsP3 and noradrenaline, but not those induced by caffeine. Intracellular application of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP; 200 microM) or low concentrations of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[gamma S]; < or = 3 microM) continuously augmented the generation of Ioo. High concentrations of GTP[gamma S] (> or = 10 microM) transiently augmented, then inhibited Ioo. Neither GTP[gamma S] nor noradrenaline induced the transient augmentation or the subsequent inhibition of Ioo when applied in the presence of GDP[beta S] (1 mM), neomycin (30 microM) or heparin (10 micrograms/ml). PDBu (0.1 microM) reduced the generation of Ioo but failed to produce an outward current following application of caffeine (3-5 mM). This action of PDBu was inhibited by pretreatment with H-7 (20 microM). In the presence of H-7, GTP[gamma S] continuously enhanced the generation of Ioo. The suppression of the generation of Ioo during application of noradrenaline (10 microM) was reduced by pretreatment with H-7. Thus both InsP3 and protein kinase C contribute to the generation of Ioo in smooth muscle cells of the rabbit portal vein and heparin is not a specific InsP3 antagonist on the InsP3-induced Ca(2+)-release channel (PIRC). InsP3 opens PIRC and protein kinase C may deplete the stored Ca2+ by either inhibiting the reuptake of Ca2+ or by enhancement of the releasing actions of InsP3.
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PMID:Roles of inositol trisphosphate and protein kinase C in the spontaneous outward current modulated by calcium release in rabbit portal vein. 133 73

Norepinephrine (NE) plus guanosine triphosphate (GTP) increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in alpha-toxin-permeabilized smooth muscle. We used alpha-toxin-permeabilized rabbit mesenteric arteries to determine the temporal relationships among force, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, stiffness, and shortening velocity during contractions in response to Ca2+ alone and to the same [Ca2+] in the presence of NE plus GTP. The addition of NE plus GTP caused a marked increase in the tonic contraction but only transiently elevated the level of MLC phosphorylation over that observed in the presence of Ca2+ alone. NE plus GTP induced similar increases in force and stiffness, but shortening velocity depended solely on the [Ca2+]. A regulated MLC phosphatase could explain the initial increase in force and MLC phosphorylation, but not the maintenance of enhanced force while MLC phosphorylation levels fell to values similar to those in response to Ca2+ alone. Therefore, additional elements must be involved in the maintenance of the receptor and G protein-dependent increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity.
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PMID:Transient myosin phosphorylation at constant Ca2+ during agonist activation of permeabilized arteries. 151 96

In perfused rat liver stimulation of the hepatic nerve plexuses increased via alpha 1-receptors glucose and lactate output decreased flow and caused an overflow of noradrenaline into the hepatic vein. Infusion of noradrenaline and adrenaline also elicited similar metabolic and hemodynamic alterations via alpha 1-receptors, whereas infusion of isoproterenol via beta 2-receptors enhanced glucose output and slightly reduced lactate release without affecting flow. The influence of circulating catecholamines on the nerve stimulation-dependent changes was investigated. Noradrenaline (100 nmol/L) or adrenaline (40 nmol/L) but not isoproterenol (1 mumol/L), which themselves caused about half-maximal alterations, strongly inhibited the nerve stimulation-induced increase in glucose and lactate output and decrease in flow but had no effect on noradrenaline overflow. The protein kinase C activator (4 beta)phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (100 nmol/L) but not its analog (4 alpha)phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (100 nmol/L) strongly inhibited the metabolic and hemodynamic changes caused by nerve stimulation or noradrenaline infusion. The protein kinase C inhibitor H7 (20 mumol/L) partially prevented the inhibition of the nerve actions by noradrenaline. The results lead us to conclude that noradrenaline and adrenaline inhibited the metabolic and hemodynamic nerve actions by means of a mechanism involving protein kinase C rather than presynaptic alpha-receptors or beta-receptors. The catecholamines apparently increased via alpha 1-receptors inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which in turn enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ and thus altered metabolism and in part hemodynamics, and diacylglycerol, which in turn activated protein kinase C and thus feedback inhibited the signal chain from alpha 1-receptors via G proteins to phospholipase C.
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PMID:Inhibition by noradrenaline and adrenaline of the increase in glucose and lactate output and decrease in flow after sympathetic nerve stimulation in perfused rat liver: possible involvement of protein kinase C. 154 30

1. Membrane currents were recorded by a patch-clamp pipette technique in cultured cells from rat portal vein using the whole-cell mode. 2. Noradrenaline (NA, 10(-5) M) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 10(-7) M) produced an increase in voltage-dependent inward current carried by barium (5 mM), but their effects were not additive. Calcium-activated chloride current was evoked by NA but not by PDBu. 3. The NA-induced increase in peak voltage-dependent inward current was inhibited by intracellular application of GDP-beta-S (10(-3) M) while the effect of PDBu was unchanged. GDP-beta-S blocked the NA-induced chloride current but had no effect on the caffeine-induced chloride current. 4. Inclusion of GTP-gamma-S (10(-5)-10(-4) M) in the pipette solution increased the voltage-dependent inward current and inhibited the NA- or PDBu-induced increase in peak current. GTP-gamma-S potentiated the effect of NA on calcium-activated chloride current. At higher concentrations (10(-3) M), GTP-gamma-S activated the chloride current and prevented the effects of NA or caffeine on this current. 5. The combination of 10(-5) M-aluminium chloride and 10(-2) M-sodium fluoride had an effect similar to that of high concentrations of GTP-gamma-S on both inward current and calcium-activated chloride current. In contrast, arachidonic acid (10(-3) M) had no effect on calcium and chloride conductances activated by NA. 6. Cells responded normally to NA after pre-treatment for 4-30 h with 10 micrograms ml-1 pertussis toxin (PTx). 7. It is concluded that the stimulation of calcium and chloride conductances by NA is mediated through activation of a PTx-insensitive GTP-binding protein. This effect may involve activation of phospholipase C enzyme and production of both D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate which depletes calcium stores and diacylglycerol which activates protein kinase C.
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PMID:GTP-binding proteins mediate noradrenaline effects on calcium and chloride currents in rat portal vein myocytes. 170 Jan 11

Although stimulated [3H] inositol phosphate turnover has been demonstrated in isolated, perfused [3H] inositol prelabelled rat hearts, there is still no information regarding Ins (1,4,5)P3 levels in intact cardiac muscle. Using a D-myo-Ins(1,4,5)P3 assay system, Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels were determined in isolated perfused rats hearts during ischaemia, reperfusion and alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation via noradrenaline (3 x 10(-5) M). Control hearts contained +/- 674 pmols Ins(1,4,5)P3/g dry heart weight. Myocardial Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels were significantly decreased (+/- 389 pmols/g dry heart weight) after exposure to 20 mins of normothermic ischaemic cardiac arrest (NICA). Reperfusion produced a marked increase in Ins(1,4,5,)P3 levels (+/- 1,115 pmols/g dry heart weight) after only 30 s. Noradrenaline caused a 3-4 fold increase in tissue Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels within 30 s. After 20 mins stimulation with noradrenaline, the Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels were still significantly elevated. The rise in tissue Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels during reperfusion as well as during noradrenaline administration was counteracted by neomycin (0.5 x 10(-3) M), an inhibitor of phosphoinositidase specific phospholipase C. In both events neomycin restored the Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels to control values. For correlation of tissue Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels with mechanical events, noradrenaline (3 x 10(-5) M), in the presence of 10 mM LiCl, 10(-7) M propranolol and 10(-7) M atropine, was administered to isolated perfused rat hearts and the mechanical performance recorded over a period of 20 mins. Noradrenaline caused a significant increase in peak systolic pressure and work performance which was maintained for at least 10 mins, suggesting that the positive inotropic effects of noradrenaline may be provoked by Ins(1,4,5)P3. Furthermore, the finding that 20 min NICA followed by 30 s reperfusion causes an immediate significant increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 content suggests a role for the phosphatidylinositol pathway in the intracellular Ca2+ overloading, characteristic of ischaemia-reperfusion.
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PMID:Increased myocardial inositol trisphosphate levels during alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation and reperfusion of ischaemic rat heart. 179 34

The present study tests whether norepinephrine induces the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in intact vascular smooth muscle. Norepinephrine and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), increased the formation of choline and phosphorylcholine in rat aorta. The norepinephrine-induced PC hydrolysis was inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) antagonist, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine (H7). These results suggest that the diacylglycerol formed during the sustained phase of the contractile response to norepinephrine may be derived, at least in part, from PC hydrolysis. The hydrolysis may be mediated through PKC activation of phospholipase C and D.
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PMID:Norepinephrine-induced phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in intact rat aorta. 193 31

Norepinephrine (NE)-evoked vasoconstrictor and pressor responses are reduced after prolonged exposure; such desensitization is observed both clinically and experimentally. The vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y (NPY) coexists with NE in perivascular sympathetic nerves, and the results of both in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated functional cooperation between NE and NPY. We propose that NPY becomes increasingly important in situations of high sympathetic activity associated with blunted NE responses. Prolonged NE infusion in conscious rats resulted in adrenergic desensitization; however, NPY administration restored the responsiveness to NE. In naive rats, NE greatly enhanced the pressor action of NPY. An analogous phenomenon was observed in the rabbit isolated pulmonary artery, which failed to respond to NPY unless preexposed to NE; this action of NE was only partly inhibited by conventional adrenoceptor and Ca2+ influx blockade. Conversely, NPY enhanced NE-evoked constriction, in particular when the alpha-adrenoceptor reserve was eliminated. It is proposed that threshold synergism, in part caused by converging stimulation of phospholipase C, accounts for much of the NPY/NE cooperativity. We conclude that 1) NPY and NE cooperate to produce vasoconstriction, both in vivo and in vitro; 2) NPY has the capacity to reverse adrenergic desensitization but not vice versa; 3) NE enhances NPY-evoked vasoconstriction, in part independently of conventional adrenoceptor blockade; 4) threshold synergism phenomena, but not "receptor-receptor interactions," account for (most of) the observed NPY/NE cooperation; and 5) when present, alpha-adrenoceptor reserve prevents the lowering of the NE threshold by NPY.
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PMID:Norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y: vasoconstrictor cooperation in vivo and in vitro. 196 41

Specific prostaglandins have been identified that mediate the sympathetic postganglionic neuron-terminal dependent hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin and norepinephrine, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, respectively. In this study we evaluated the hypothesis that bradykinin and norepinephrine stimulate prostaglandin production in the rat, via distinct phospholipases. We found that, in normal skin, bradykinin hyperalgesia is inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor, mepacrine, but not by the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin and is mimicked by phospholipase A2. In chloroform-treated skin or when co-injected with A23187, bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia was found to consist of two components, one resulting from prostaglandin E2 synthesis (phospholipase A2-dependent) and one resulting from prostacyclin synthesis (phospholipase C-dependent). This latter component is blocked by Quin 2 and verapamil and also inhibited by yohimbine, an alpha 2 receptor antagonist. Arachidonic acid induces a dose-dependent hyperalgesia that was found to be like bradykinin-hyperalgesia in untreated skin (prostaglandin E2-mediated and phospholipase A2-dependent). In chloroform-treated skin or in the presence of A23187, arachidonic acid like bradykinin led to the production of prostacyclin as well as prostaglandin E2. Norepinephrine does not produce hyperalgesia in untreated skin, but in chloroform pretreated skin or in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187, norepinephrine produces a potent dose-dependent hyperalgesia. This hyperalgesia is prevented by sympathectomy and suppressed by the calcium antagonists Quin 2 and verapamil. It is also suppressed by indomethacin and neomycin but not by SC19220 and mepacrine and is mimicked by phospholipase C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Characterization of distinct phospholipases mediating bradykinin and noradrenaline hyperalgesia. 212 75


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