Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.4.3 (phospholipase C)
 18,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The isolation of staphylococcal extracellular toxins and enzymes (exoproteins) usually requires time-consuming purification steps such as repeated chromatographic separations and isoelectric focusing. We performed rapid isolation, quantification and identification of staphylococcal exoproteins by reverse phase capillary high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) followed by the determination of N-terminal amino acid sequences of separated peaks. We identified two novel exoproteins as well as previously reported antigens ORF-1 and ORF-2, glutamyl endopeptidase in Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325 and protein A, staphylococcal enterotoxin C3 (SEC3), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and alpha-toxin in a clinical isolate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 3543. MRSA3543 secreted 5.33 and 1.45 microg of SEC3 and TSST-1 per 20 microg total exoproteins ml(-1), respectively. The capillary LC treatment of the exoprotein fraction separated at least 12 peaks, indicating its high-resolution power. We found that when a protein was once determined by its N-terminal sequence, its mass spectrum and the obtained molecular mass was applicable for the assignment of the protein.
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PMID:Rapid isolation and identification of staphylococcal exoproteins by reverse phase capillary high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 1091 74

In response to various environmental stress conditions, plants rapidly form the intracellular lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA). It can be generated by two independent signalling pathways via phospholipase D (PLD) and via phospholipase C (PLC) in combination with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). In the green alga Chlamydomonas, the phospholipid substrates for these pathways are characterized by specific fatty acid compositions. This allowed us to establish: (i) PLD's in vivo substrate preference; and (ii) PLD's contribution to PA formation during stress signalling. Accordingly, G-protein activation (1 micro m mastoparan), hyperosmotic stress (150 mm NaCl) and membrane depolarization (50 mm KCl) were used to stimulate PLD, as monitored by the accumulation in 5 min of its unique transphosphatidylation product phosphatidylbutanol (PBut). In each case, PBut's fatty acid composition specifically matched that of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), identifying this lipid as PLD's favoured substrate. This conclusion was substantiated by analysing the molecular species by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), which revealed that PE and NaCl-induced PBut share a unique (18 : 1)2-structure. The fatty acid composition of PA was much more complex, reflecting the different contributions from the PLC/DGK and PLD pathways. During KCl-induced stress, the PA rise was largely accounted for by PLD activity. In contrast, PLD's contribution to hyperosmotic stress-induced PA was less, being approximately 63% of the total increase. This was because the PLC/DGK pathway was activated as well, resulting in phosphoinositide-specific fatty acids and molecular species in PA.
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PMID:Substrate preference of stress-activated phospholipase D in Chlamydomonas and its contribution to PA formation. 1278 42

We report on microbore liquid chromatography (microLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of glycopeptides and high-mannose-type oligosaccharides, digested from recombinant phospholipase C, expressed in Pichia pastoris. The glycopeptides were subject to microLC/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and microLC/ESI-tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis that revealed high-mannose structure size variation between Man(7)GlcNAc(2) and Man(14)GlcNAc(2). Then, high-performance CE was applied to identify possible positional isomers of the high-mannose structures. For the CE experiments, the oligosaccharides were released from the glycoproteins by peptide-N-glycosidase F and labeled with 1-aminopyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonic acid (APTS). Excellent separation of the possible positional isomers was attained, suggesting one for Man(9)GlcNAc(2), two for Man(10)GlcNAc(2), three for Man(11)GlcNAc(2), Man(12)GlcNAc(2), and Man(13)GlcNAc(2), and two for Man(14)GlcNAc(2). The CE results provided complementary information to the microLC/ESI-MS and MS/MS data with respect to the possible number of positional isomers.
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PMID:Analysis of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides by microliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. 1523

Nuclear envelope (NE) formation in a cell-free egg extract proceeds by precursor membrane vesicle binding to chromatin in an ATP-dependent manner, followed by a GTP-induced NE assembly step. The requirement for GTP in the latter step of this process can be mimicked by addition of bacterial PI-PLC [phosphoinositide (PtdIns)-specific phospholipase C]. The NE assembly process is here dissected in relation to the requirement for endogenous phosphoinositide metabolism, employing recombinant eukaryotic PI-PLC, inhibitors and direct phospholipid analysis using ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry). PtdIns (phosphatidylinositol) species analysis by ESI-MS indicates that the chromatin-bound NE precursor vesicles are enriched for specific PtdIns species. Moreover, during GTP-induced precursor vesicle fusion, the membrane vesicles become partially depleted of the PtdIns 18:0/20:4 species. These data indicate that eukaryotic PI-PLC can support NE formation, and the sensitivity to exogenous recombinant PtdIns-5-phosphatases shows that the endogenous PLC hydrolyses a 5-phosphorylated species. It is shown further that the downstream target of this DAG (diacylglycerol) pathway does not involve PKC (protein kinase C) catalytic function, but is mimicked by phorbol esters, indicating a possible engagement of one of the non-PKC phorbol ester receptors. The results show that ESI-MS can be used as a sensitive means to measure the lipid composition of biological membranes and their changes during, for example, membrane fusogenic events. We have exploited this and the intervention studies to illustrate a pivotal role for PI-PLC and its product DAG in the formation of NEs.
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PMID:Nuclear envelope assembly is promoted by phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C with selective recruitment of phosphatidylinositol-enriched membranes. 1555 72

Scorpion venoms are among the most widely known source of peptidyl neurotoxins used for callipering different ion channels, e.g., for Na(+), K(+), Ca(+) or Cl(-). An alpha-toxin (Bs-Tx28) has been purified from the venom of scorpion Buthus sindicus, a common yellow scorpion of Sindh, Pakistan. The primary structure of Bs-Tx28 was established using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, LC-ESI-MS, and automated Edman degradation analysis. Bs-Tx28 consists of 65 amino acid residues (7274.3+/-2Da), including eight cysteine residues, and shows very high sequence identity (82-94%) with other long-chain alpha-neurotoxins, active against receptor site-3 of mammalian (e.g., Lqq-IV and Lqh-IV from scorpions Leiurus sp.) and insect (e.g., BJalpha-IT and Od-1 from Buthotus judaicus and Odonthobuthus doriae, respectively) voltage-gated Na(+) channels. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of Bs-Tx28 with other known alpha- and alpha-like toxins suggests the presence of a new and separate subfamily of scorpion alpha-toxins. Bs-Tx28 which is weakly active in both, mammals and insects (LD(50) 0.088 and 14.3microg/g, respectively), shows strong induction of the rat afferent nerve discharge in a dose-dependent fashion (EC(50)=0.01microg/mL) which was completely abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin suggesting the binding of Bs-Tx28 to the TTX-sensitive Na(+)-channel. Three-dimensional structural features of Bs-Tx28, established by homology modeling, were compared with other known classical alpha-mammal (AaH-II), alpha-insect (Lqh-alphaIT), and alpha-like (BmK-M4) toxins and revealed subtle variations in the Nt-, Core-, and RT-CT-domains (functional domains) which constitute a "necklace-like" structure differing significantly in all alpha-toxin subfamilies. On the other hand, a high level of conservation has been observed in the conserved hydrophobic surface with the only substitution of W43 (Y43/42) and an additional hydrophobic character at position F40 (L40/A/V/G39), as compared to the other mentioned alpha-toxins. Despite major differences within the primary structure and activities of Bs-Tx28, it shares a common structural and functional motif (e.g., transRT-farCT) within the RT-CT domain which is characteristic of scorpion alpha-mammal toxins.
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PMID:Structure-activity relationship of an alpha-toxin Bs-Tx28 from scorpion (Buthus sindicus) venom suggests a new alpha-toxin subfamily. 1630 23

Lipid signaling involved in mechanotransduction processes in response to shear stress in plants remained elusive. To understand the responses of phospholipids in shear stress-induced mechanotransduction, a lipidomic approach was employed to profile phospholipid species of Taxus cuspidata cells under laminar shear stress. A total of 99 phospholipid species were profiled quantitatively, using the LC/ESI/MS(n) procedure. Potential biomarkers were found by the principal component analysis (PCA) as well as partial least squares (PLS) combined with variable influence in the projection (VIP). Phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were two important lipid groups that were responsible for the discrimination between shear stress induced and control cells. Further research revealed that shear stress enhanced the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC) compared with control cells and consequently increased PA content in shear stress induced T. cuspidata cells. These results demonstrate that phospholipids and related phospholipases play important roles in mechanotransduction of T. cuspidata cells in response to shear stress.
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PMID:Lipidomic analysis reveals activation of phospholipid signaling in mechanotransduction of Taxus cuspidata cells in response to shear stress. 1892 80

Only a few methods exist for simple, sensitive and rapid detection of alpha-toxin in clinical and biological samples. The aim of our study was to establish a procedure for the production of an antibody against a recombinant antigen with confirmed sequence identity. We applied a noble approach based on proteomics using a mass spectrometer for the conclusive identification of the recombinant alpha-toxin that was subsequently used as an antigen. The recombinant alpha-toxin was produced in Escherichia coli. A clinical isolate of Clostridium perfringens GAI 94074 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently, cloning was performed. Three different fragments were cloned using a pET100/D-TOPO vector. These fragments coded for a ribosome binding site, a signal peptide and the alpha-toxin gene, respectively. Recombinant pET100 plasmids were cloned into TOP 10 cells and the isolated plasmids were transferred into BL21 Star (DE3) cells. Their expression was then induced with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Recombinant E. coli transformed with a plasmid encoding the alpha-toxin gene alone produced a biologically inactive protein. On the other hand, E. coli carrying the plasmid encoding the toxin sequence and its native signal peptide sequence, or the toxin sequence along with the ribosome binding sequence and the signal peptide sequence secreted an active alpha-toxin with phospholipase activity. Accordingly, the C. perfringens gene encoding the alpha-toxin protein along with its signal peptide was successfully cloned, expressed, and secreted by E. coli. Furthermore, without consideration of its activity, we used mass spectrometry to confirm that the expressed protein was indeed the alpha-toxin. Thus, the identification of alpha-toxin protein using both the biological activity testing and the mass spectrometry analysis is expected to verify the significant production of C. perfringens antibody. The study for the analysis of recombinant alpha-toxin using ESI/MS has not been reported. In this study, we report the successful cloning, expression, secretion, identification and sequence determination of the C. perfringens alpha-toxin.
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PMID:Identification and sequence determination of recombinant Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin by use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 2052 92