Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.4.1 (phosphodiesterase)
 18,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because of the importance of oligodendrocytes (OL) in forming and maintaining myelin in the CNS and the fact that the remyelination in the CNS is very limited in contrast to the peripheral nervous system, we investigated the effect of a chemically defined medium OLDEM, previously characterized by the maintenance of mature myelinating OL, on oligodendroblasts (or OL progenitors) in culture. The effect of each component of this medium as well as different combinations of them were also examined. Cultures were examined at different developmental stages immunocytochemically for developmental markers, such as transferrin, sulfatides, myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein. OLDEM accelerated the appearance of developmental markers and concomitant morphological changes. Furthermore, myelin-specific enzymes such as glycerophosphorylcholine phosphodiesterase; p-nitro-phenolphosphocholine phosphodiesterase; 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and UDP galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase had enzymatic activities similar to values found in pure myelin, indicating that OLDEM allows the optimal expression of myelin-related genes. The effect of each OLDEM constituent was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and by measurement of enzymatic activities. With each single additive or multiple combinations, oligodendrocytes displayed different degrees of maturation. Deletion of selenium, glucose, and galactose severely affected cell survival as well as enzymes expression in young cultures. However, older cultures were more resistant to these deletions. Putrescine and insulin did not cause such effects on survival, but their absence affected cell maturation. None of the OLDEM additives individually supported survival and/or maturation. Enzyme assays performed on isolated myelin-like membranes or the cells soma revealed a redistribution of the activity between these fractions as the cell matured. The biological role of each of these constituents on the maturation of the oligodendroglial cells is discussed. These observations indicate that OLDEM constituents have a powerful effect on OL progenitor maturation, and membrane formation. This medium will be used for investigating the remyelination potential of adult OL progenitors.
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PMID:Acceleration of the maturation of oligodendroblasts into oligodendrocytes and enhancement of their myelinogenic properties by a chemically defined medium. 921 75

We hypothesized that hydrocephalus in young animals could cause a delay in myelination. Hydrocephalus was induced in 3-week-old rats by injecting kaolin into the cisterna magna. Ventricular size was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. After 1 to 4 weeks, rats were either sacrificed, or treated by diversionary shunting of cerebrospinal fluid and then sacrificed 3 to 4 weeks later. Samples of corpus callosum/supraventricular white matter, fimbria, medulla, and spinal cord were assayed for myelin-related enzyme activities including p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine phosphocholine phosphodiesterase (PNPCP), glycerophosphocholine phosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCP), and 2',3'-cyclic neucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), and the oligodendrocyte enzyme UDP-galactose, ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGa1T). Myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) were assayed in cerebrum by immunoblots and Northern blot. The corpus callosum was processed for electron microscopy and myelin thickness to axon diameter ratios were quantified. One week after induction of hydrocephalus, CGa1T and GPCP activity were reduced in the corpus callosum there was less MBP and PLP in the cerebrum, and myelin sheaths around axons greater than 0.4 micron in diameter were abnormally thin. With persistent hydrocephalus, the corpus callosum became thinned, axons were lost, and myelin-related enzyme activities and proteins were decreased. Treatment of hydrocephalus at 1 week largely prevented the damage while shunting at 4 weeks failed to restore the injured white matter. Early reduction in CGa1T activity in the medulla and spinal cord suggest that oligodendrocyte production of myelin was reduced, even before irreversible damage occurred in the corticospinal tracts. We conclude that hydrocephalus in the immature rat brain delays myelination, but compensatory myelination is possible if treatment is instituted prior to the development of axonal injury. Possible mechanisms of oligodendrocyte impairment are discussed.
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PMID:Myelination delay in the cerebral white matter of immature rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus is reversible. 929 46

The subcellular distributions of the enzymes which synthesise sphingomyelin (SM) and glucosylceramide (GluCer) from ceramide have been assessed in BHK cells. On a sucrose density gradient GluCer synthase (a marker of the cis/medial Golgi apparatus) and the trans-Golgi marker galactosyltransferase showed an similar monotonic distribution. In contrast, SM synthase showed two peaks of activity, a minor one which migrated with the Golgi markers and a major one which had a density close to that of plasma membrane markers (sphingomyelin, cholesterol, PtdSer, ganglioside GM3 and alkaline phosphodiesterase). When cell homogenates were treated with digitonin, the sedimentation characteristics of the Golgi markers was largely unaffected whereas the plasma membrane markers and the main peak of SM synthase activity were shifted to higher density. In contrast, when cells were treated with brefeldin A (BFA) the Golgi markers were shifted to higher density but not the plasma membrane markers or the main peak of SM synthase. These results suggest that the bulk of SM synthase activity in BHK cells is not associated with the Golgi cisternae but with a cell compartment which is relatively rich in cholesterol (e.g., plasma membrane, endosomes or trans-Golgi network.) Further experiments in which cells were treated with sphingomyelinase provided evidence that SM synthase activity was in an internal compartment and not at the plasma membrane.
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PMID:The subcellular sites of sphingomyelin synthesis in BHK cells. 939 80

Chicken liver plasma membranes, minimally contaminated with Golgi apparatus-derived vesicles, were prepared from a low-speed (400 g) pellet by means of flotation in isotonic Percoll solution, followed by a hypotonic wash and flotation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Based on the analysis of suitable marker enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase, two plasma membrane fractions were isolated with enrichments, depending on the equilibrium density and marker of 28-97 and with a total yield of 4-5%. Golgi apparatus fractions were prepared by flotation of microsomes, obtained from the same homogenate as the low-speed pellet, in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The trans-Golgi marker galactosyltransferase was 27-fold enriched in a fraction of intermediate density (d=1.077-1.116 g/ml). Approximately 12% of galactosyltransferase was recovered in the membranes equilibrating d=1.031-1.148 g/ml. Contamination with plasma membrane fragments was low in the light (d=1.031-1.077 g/ml) and intermediate density Golgi vesicles. The isolation of purified plasma membranes and Golgi vesicles from one liver homogenate will enable future studies on receptor cycling between these cell organelles.
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PMID:Isolation of plasma membranes and Golgi apparatus from a single chicken liver homogenate. 1002 16

BHK cells either untreated or infected with Semliki Forest virus have been fractionated on sucrose density gradients. Virus infection caused an increase in density of a membrane fraction enriched in sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol, SM synthase and sialyltransferase activity. This increase in density was related to incorporation of viral proteins into this fraction, which is likely to contain trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes. In contrast, glucosylceramide synthase and galactosyltransferase activities (markers for cis/medial and trans-Golgi respectively) underwent no density shift and alkaline phosphodiesterase, a plasma membrane marker, was only slightly density-shifted in infected cells. When cells were incubated with NBD-ceramide to enable them to synthesise NBD-SM and then washed with albumin to remove surface label, fluorescence in untreated cells was concentrated in a single juxtanuclear spot but in infected cells this region of bright fluorescence was larger and extended around the nucleus. After fractionation of these cells, NBD-SM (but only a small proportion of the NBD-ceramide) was found to be shifted into the higher density fraction in infected cells. This work provides further evidence that SM synthase is not mainly localised in the early Golgi cisternae as previously thought, but is associated more with a cholesterol-rich compartment which could be the TGN.
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PMID:Enzyme distributions in subcellular fractions of BHK cells infected with Semliki forest virus: evidence for a major fraction of sphingomyelin synthase in the trans-golgi network. 1039 39

The ability of acute insulin treatment to elicit a redistribution of the liver insulin-like growth factor-II/ mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor has been studied in rats, using cell fractionation. Injection of insulin (0.4-50 microg) led to a time- and dose-dependent decrease in IGF-II binding activity in Golgi-endosomal (GE) fractions, along with an increase in activity in the plasma membrane (PM) fraction; only receptor number was affected. Quantitative subfractionation of the microsomal fraction on sucrose density gradients showed that IGF-II binding activity distributed similarly to galactosyltransferase (a Golgi marker), at slightly higher densities than in vivo internalized (125)I-insulin, and at lower densities than 5' nucleotidase and alkaline phosphodiesterase (two plasma membrane markers). Insulin treatment led to a slight time-dependent and reversible shift of IGF-II binding activity toward higher densities. Subfractionation of the GE fraction on Percoll gradients showed that IGF-II binding activity was broadly distributed, with about 60% at low densities coinciding with galactosyltransferase and early internalized (125)I-insulin and with 40% at high densities in the region of late internalized (125)I-insulin. Insulin treatment caused a time-dependent and reversible shift of the distribution of IGF-II binding activity toward low densities. On SDS-PAGE, the size of the affinity-labeled IGF-II/M6P receptor was comparable in GE and PM fractions (about 255 kDa), but on Western blots receptor size was slightly lower in the latter (245 kDa) than in the former (255 kDa). Insulin treatment did not affect the size, but modified the abundance of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in a manner similar to that of IGF-II binding. In vivo chloroquine treatment fully suppressed the changes in IGF-II binding activity in liver GE and PM fractions observed in insulin-treated rats. We conclude that insulin elicits a time-dependent and reversible redistribution of liver IGF-II receptors from Golgi elements and endosomes to the plasma membrane, presumably via early endosomes.
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PMID:Insulin-induced redistribution of the insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor in intact rat liver. 1072 96


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