Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:3.1.4.1 (phosphodiesterase)
 18,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Myelination depends on the proper differentiation of oligodendrocytes and several factors may influence this event. For instance, thyroid hormone (T3) affects the timing of differentiation and regulates the expression of several enzymes involved in the synthesis of complex lipids and in the expression of some myelin structural proteins. We investigated the effect of T3 deficiency on oligodendroglial differentiation and in the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin proteins 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Oligodendroglial-enriched cultures were obtained from cerebra of neonate rats grown in a modified medium. The T3-deficient status was induced by using medium devoid of T3. We observed a delay, in T3-deficient cultures, in oligodendroglial maturation characterized by less extensive processes and membrane vellum than in controls. In control cultures, CNPase immunoreactivity was punctated, showing cell bodies and processes at earlier stages and redistribution to cytoskeleton vein-like structures in later stages. In T3-deficient cultures, CNPase remained in a punctated pattern and only at 10 days in vitro we observed CNPase redistribution to the presumptive cytoskeleton vein-like structures. MBP in control cultures was distributed through the whole cell body and processes whereas in T3-deficient cultures, MBP immunoreactivity was concentrated in the perinuclear region. These results reinforce the hypothesis that T3 is an important factor in oligodendrocyte differentiation, particularly regarding the distribution of myelin proteins.
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PMID:Thyroid hormone deficiency changes the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin markers during oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro. 1703 Jan 10

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) plays a major role in early human development through a series of well recognized pregnancy-promoting actions that are exerted in the first trimester, including maternal recognition of pregnancy, enhancement of embryo implantation and survival, stimulation of trophoblast growth and differentiation, and prolongation of the functional life of the corpus luteum. Recent research indicates that HCG can exert significant pregnancy-promoting actions also in the remainder of pregnancy through its effect on the myometrium and on fetal membranes. In the myometrium, HCG promotes the inhibition of smooth muscle cell contractility through several mechanisms, including inhibition of gap junction formation, reduction of intracellular calcium concentration, increase in the expression of progesterone receptor, and an increase in the expression of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), an enzyme controlling the intracellular levels of cGMP. This effect appears to be specific for PDE5 since it has not been found for other hormones potentially involved in pregnancy such as estrogen, progesterone and thyroid hormone. In fetal membranes, HCG can modulate expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as specific immunoregulatory cytokines such as the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein. This accumulating evidence suggests that HCG has a wide spread pregnancy-promoting actions that are exerted in various reproductive and gestational tissues.
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PMID:Pregnancy-promoting actions of HCG in human myometrium and fetal membranes. 1738 98

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in plants having a variety of biological effects both in vitro and in vivo. They have been found to have antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-ulcerogenic, cytotoxic, anti-neoplastic, mutagenic, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids also have biochemical effects, which inhibit a number of enzymes such as aldose reductase, xanthine oxidase, phosphodiesterase, Ca(+2)-ATPase, lipoxygenase, cycloxygenase, etc. They also have a regulatory role on different hormones like estrogens, androgens and thyroid hormone. They have been found to have anti-inflammatory activity in both proliferative and exudative phases of inflammation. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids. The aim of the present review is to give an overview of the mechanism of action of potential anti-inflammatory flavonoids.
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PMID:Mechanism of action of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: a review. 1960 83

The effects of thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (THDCs) on eye development of zebrafish were investigated. We expected THDC exposure to cause transcriptional changes of vision-related genes, which find their phenotypic anchoring in eye malformations and dysfunction, as observed in our previous studies. Zebrafish were exposed from 0 to 5 days post fertilization (dpf) to either propylthiouracil (PTU), a thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor, or tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), which interacts with thyroid hormone receptors. Full genome microarray analyses of RNA isolated from eye tissue revealed that the number of affected transcripts was substantially higher in PTU- than in TBBPA-treated larvae. However, multiple components of phototransduction (e.g., phosphodiesterase, opsins) were responsive to both THDC exposures. Yet, the response pattern for the gene ontology (GO)-class "sensory perception" differed between treatments, with over 90% down-regulation in PTU-exposed fish, compared to over 80% up-regulation in TBBPA-exposed fish. Additionally, the reversibility of effects after recovery in clean water for three days was investigated. Transcriptional patterns in the eyes were still altered and partly overlapped between 5 and 8 dpf, showing that no full recovery occurred within the time period investigated. However, pathways involved in repair mechanisms were significantly upregulated, which indicates activation of regeneration processes.
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PMID:Thyroid Hormone Disruptors Interfere with Molecular Pathways of Eye Development and Function in Zebrafish. 3093 80


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