Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.1 (phosphodiesterase)
 18,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Identifying effective therapies for the treatment of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly relevant priority and one of the greatest challenges for the global MS community. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in progression of the disease, novel trial designs, drug repurposing strategies, and new models of collaboration may assist in identifying effective therapies. In this review, we discuss various therapies under study in phase II or III trials, including antioxidants (idebenone); tyrosine kinase inhibitors (masitinib); sphingosine receptor modulators (siponimod); monoclonal antibodies (anti-leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain containing neurite outgrowth inhibitor receptor-interacting protein-1, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, intrathecal rituximab); hematopoetic stem cell therapy; statins and other possible neuroprotective agents (amiloride, riluzole, fluoxetine, oxcarbazepine); lithium; phosphodiesterase inhibitors (ibudilast); hormone-based therapies (adrenocorticotrophic hormone and erythropoietin); T-cell receptor peptide vaccine (NeuroVax); autologous T-cell immunotherapy (Tcelna); MIS416 (a microparticulate immune response modifier); dopamine antagonists (domperidone); and nutritional supplements, including lipoic acid, biotin, and sunphenon epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea extract). Given ongoing and planned clinical trial initiatives, and the largest ever focus of the global research community on progressive MS, future prospects for developing targeted therapeutics aimed at reducing disability in progressive forms of MS appear promising.
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PMID:Therapeutic Advances and Future Prospects in Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis. 2672 32

Medical congresses often held in highlands. We reviewed several medical issues associated with altitude stress especially while physicians have participated medical congress held in high altitude. Altitude stress, also known as an acute mountain sickness (AMS), is caused by acute exposure to low oxygen level at high altitude which is defined as elevations at or above 1,200 m and AMS commonly occurs above 2,500 m. Altitude stress with various symptoms including insomnia can also be experienced in airplane. AMS and drunken state share many common features in symptoms, neurologic manifestations and even show multiple microbleeds in corpus callosum and white matter on MRI. Children are more susceptible to altitude stress than adults. Gradual ascent is the best method for the prevention of altitude stress. Adequate nutrition (mainly carbohydrates) and hydration are recommended. Consumption of alcohol can exacerbate the altitude-induced impairments in judgment and the visual senses and promote psychomotor dysfunction. For prevention or treatment of altitude stress, acetazolamide, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, dexamethasone and erythropoietin are helpful. Altitude stress can be experienced relatively often during participation of medical congress. It is necessary to remind the harmful effect of AMS because it can cause serious permanent organ damage even though the symptoms are negligible in most cases.
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PMID:Altitude Stress During Participation of Medical Congress. 2762 42

Renal ischemic and reperfusion injury resulting in acute renal failure is a multidisciplinary problem at the junction of pathophysiology, transplantology, urology, nephrology, cardiac surgery and pharmacology. One of renal protection strategies is using the phenomenon of preconditioning. Preconditioning is one of the ways to adopt a tissue to repeated short-term effects of damaging factors to induce an enhanced tolerance to the long period of hypoxia and/or ischemia. There are multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms of the renal protective effects of preconditioning stimuli, but the key effectors and signaling molecules are ATP-dependent potassium channels, nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and mitochondrial pore. Contradictory data on the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning allow searching for approaches to pharmacological correction of ischemic and reperfusion injuries. The article provides data on possible ways of using erythropoietin, darbepoetin and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors.
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PMID:[The role of pharmacological preconditioning in renal ischemic and reperfusion injury]. 2913 58

The incidence of sexual dysfunction is higher in men with chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in those without, of which ED is the most common clinical manifestation. Sexual dysfunction is closely related to malfunction of the endocrine system in CKD males, mainly including the disorder in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and hyperprolactinemia. Besides, blood vessels, the nervous system, psychological status, trace elements, and drugs are also contributory factors. At present, sexual dysfunction in CKD males is diagnosed chiefly by scale assessment, clinical manifestation and special examination, and its treatment focuses on the correction of the endocrine system malfunction, as by kidney transplantation or by drug therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin, 1,25- (OH)2 D3, bromocriptine, losartan, or zinc preparation. In addition, conventional treatment with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors can be used as a supplement. This paper outlines the recent progress in the studies of sexual dysfunction in CKD males, covering its risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:[Sexual dysfunction in males with chronic kidney disease]. 3221 81


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