Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.4.1 (phosphodiesterase)
18,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with atopic dermatitis have abnormal autonomic responses of the arterioles, pilomotor smooth muscle, and sweat glands. Their lesions have been reported to contain increased amounts of the neurohumors, acetylcholine and norepinephrine, as well as increased activity of acetylcholinesterase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. In vitro studies of epidermis show that beta adrenergic agonists fail to evoke the normal inhibition of mitosis of basal cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. Epidermis removed not only from the lesions, but also from normal-appearing skin, responded abnormally. The increase in intracellular levels of cAMP after exposure to catecholamines was similar in normal and atopic epidermis. Lymphocytes and PMN leukocytes isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis show both a decreased physiologic response (glycogenolysis and inhibition of lysosome enzyme release) and a decreased rise in intracellular levels of cAMP upon incubation with beta agonists, but a normal response to PGE1. Cortisol increases the response of lymphocyte adenyl cyclase to both agonists and, in the case of the patients with atopic disease, more than overcomes the depressed response to beta agonists. Because the leukocytes respond normally to PGE1 and because others have reported normal activities of skin and adenyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase, and protein kinases, we conclude that the step responsible for the diminished beta adrenergic response lies antecedent to the catalytic site of adenyl cyclase.
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PMID:Adrenergic mechanisms and the adenyl cyclase system in atopic dermatitis. 0 56

The neuromuscular effects of azathioprine were examined in the in-vivo cat soleus muscle preparation. In concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 mug/kg, administered intra-arterially, the agent caused motor axons to fire repetitively and produced a dose-related increase in the force of contraction. The drug reversed neuromuscular blockage produced by d-tubocurarine and potentiated the neuromuscular blockade produced by succinylcholine. The effects of theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on neuromuscular transmission were identical to those produced by azathioprine. Using an in-vitro assay preparation, azathioprine was found to produce 50 per cent inhibition (IC50) of phosphodiesterase at a concentration of 2 X 10(-5) M. In the same preparation, theophylline had an IC50 of 1 X 10(-4) M. Neither agent in concentrations to 10(-2) M affected cholinesterase activity measured in vitro. It is concluded that the effects of azathioprine on neuromuscular transmission are due to inhibition of phosphodiesterase in the motor nerve terminal.
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PMID:Azathioprine: effects on neuromuscular transmission. 18 25

The dermal cells in grey, xanthic, and white goldfish integuments were cytochemically characterized for the following enzymatic activities: tyrosinase, DOPA-oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, peroxidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, NAD-diaphorase, NADP-diaphorase, aryl sulfatase, nucleotide phosphodiesterase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, aldolase, as well as succinate, malate, isocitrate, glutamate, glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, alpha-glycerophosphate, alcohol, lactate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. It was found that the epidermis was a significant barrier to the access of cytochemical reaction substrates. Removal of the epidermal barrier provided dermal cell localizations of enzymatic activities which were reproducible. Further, alterations in reaction times and temperatures from the mammalian methodology provided conditions fe various integumental cells were compared for possible interrelationships. The basic foundations for future work with the dermis of poikilothermic vertebrates on an experimental basis were established. In addition, a previously undescribed non-pigmented dermal cell, the "x"-cell, was found to have enzymatic characteristics similar to both melanophores and lipophores. The "x"-cell may be the common precursor of both types of pigment cells.
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PMID:Cytochemical characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) dermis with special reference to the pigment cells. 82 86

1. The enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of venoms of some animals including snakes, lizards, toads, scorpions, spider, wasps, bees and ants were compared. 2. Snake venom was the richest source of enzymes among the animal venoms. Most other animal venoms were devoid of phosphodiesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities and only a few exhibited arginine ester hydrolase activity. These venoms, however, exhibited wide ranges of protease, 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase activities. Most of the animal venoms examined exhibited some phospholipase A activity. 3. Other than snake venoms, only venoms of the toad Bufo calamita and the lizards were hemorrhagic, and only venoms of the social wasps, social bees and harvester ant exhibited strong anticoagulant activity. Procoagulant activity occurs only in snake venoms.
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PMID:Comparative study of the enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of some animal venoms. 136 Mar 87

Some biological and neurochemical properties of the venom of stonefish (Syanceja horrida) were investigated. The venom exhibited oedema-inducing, haemolytic, hyaluronidase, thrombin-like, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5' nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, arginine esterase, and arginine amidase activities. Recalcification clotting time, prothrombin, and kaolin-cephalin clotting times were increased 1.7-2.3- and 2.4-fold respectively. The LD50 (i.v. mouse) was 300 micrograms/Kg. Its effects on uptake and stimulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and release were observed in rat brain synaptosomes. In the presence of 100 micrograms venom, uptake of [methyl-3H] choline in rat brain synaptosomes was inhibited 70%, while that of 4-amino-n-[U-14C] butyric acid was inhibited 20%. The toxin also stimulated the release of [3H]-acetylcholine from the synaptosomes.
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PMID:Biological activities of Synanceja horrida (stonefish) venom. 136 68

In an attempt to investigate the role of cAMP-dependent phosphorylations on synaptic transmission at an Aplysia cholinergic buccal ganglion synapse, the effects of xanthine derivatives such as 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which is well known to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity thereby promoting cAMP accumulation, and a novel xanthine derivative, S-9977-2 were evaluated. They were found to potentiate cholinergic transmission by significantly increasing the time constant of decay (Tc) of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). The postsynaptic origin of the phenomenon was supported by the observation that responses to the ionophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) were also potentiated in duration as well as in amplitude. No effects of S-9977-2 on the ACh-gated Cl- channel conductance or mean open time were observed. The finding that responses to the hydrolysis-resistant cholinergic analogue carbachol were unaffected by the two xanthines suggested that the observed effects were at least partly caused by an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. That these substances inhibit AChE activity was confirmed in vitro. Phosphorylation processes nonetheless appear to be partly involved in the synaptic effect of the xanthines as the kinase blocker H-8 blocked part of the IPSC Tc lengthening. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:Xanthine derivatives IBMX and S-9977-2 potentiate transmission at an Aplysia central cholinergic synapse. 138 Aug 83

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide permethrin significantly decreased the levels of regulatory proteins (S-100 and calmodulin) in the developing CNS of tadpoles of R. cyanophlictis. Remarkable inhibition of enzymes acetylcholinesterase and choline acetylase and significant accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine were observed in permethrin treated animals. Permethrin exposure significantly decreased the activity of phosphodiesterase. The results support molecular disruptions occurring due to permethrin induced toxicity. This in turn may bring about neuronal inefficiency in the treated tadpoles.
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PMID:Insecticide induced disruptions in functioning of developing brain of Rana cyanophlictis. 145 49

1. The biological properties of nine venom samples from six taxa of Micrurus were investigated. The venoms exhibited low protease, phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase activities, moderate to strong phospholipase A and hyaluronidase activities, variable L-amino acid oxidase activity and were devoid of arginine ester hydrolase and thrombin-like activities. Some venom samples exhibited strong acetylcholinesterase activity. Venoms of M. c. dumerili and M. frontalis exhibited exceptionally high alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity while two of the M. f. fulvius venom samples tested exhibited strong hemorrhagic activity in mice. 2. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the venoms indicate that most of the Micrurus venom proteins are basic proteins. All Micrurus venoms tested exhibited similar SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns, with an intense low mol. wt protein band. 3. The Micrurus venoms appear to exhibit biological properties similar to other elapid venoms found in Asia and Africa. There are, however, no common characteristics in the biological properties of the venoms examined at the generic level.
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PMID:The biological properties of venoms of some American coral snakes (Genus micrurus). 158 85

1. The biological properties of twelve samples of venoms from all four species of Dendroaspis (mamba) were investigated. 2. Dendroaspis venoms generally exhibited very low levels of protease, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase; low to moderately low level of 5'-nucleotidase and very high hyaluronidase activities, but were devoid of L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A, acetylcholinesterase and arginine ester hydrolase activities. The unusual feature in venom enzyme content can be used to distinguish Dendroaspis venoms from other snake venoms. 3. All Dendroaspis venoms did not exhibit hemorrhagic or procoagulant activity. Some Dendroaspis venoms, however, exhibited strong anticoagulant activity. The intravenous median lethal dose of the venoms ranged from 0.5 microgram/g mouse to 4.2 micrograms/g mouse. 4. Venom biological activities are not very useful for the differentiation of the Dendroaspis species. The four Dendroaspis venoms, however, can be differentiated by their venom SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns.
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PMID:A comparative study of the biological properties of Dendroaspis (mamba) snake venoms. 168 21

1. The protease, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase, procoagulant, anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities of ten samples of venoms from seven taxa of sea snakes were examined. 2. The results show that venoms of sea snakes of both subfamilies of Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae are characterized by a very low level of enzymatic activities, except phospholipase A activity and, for some species, hyaluronidase activity. 3. Because of the low levels of enzymatic activities and the total lack of procoagulant and hemorrhagic activities, venom biological properties are not useful for the differentiation of species of sea snakes. Nevertheless, the unusually low levels of enzymatic activities of sea snake venoms may be used to distinguish sea snake venoms from other elapid or viperid venoms.
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PMID:A comparative study of the biological properties of some sea snake venoms. 176 14


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