Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.1 (phosphodiesterase)
 18,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calmodulin is trimethylated by a specific methyltransferase on Lys115, a residue located in a six amino acid loop (LGEKLT) between EF hands III and IV. To investigate the structural requirements for methylation, domain exchange mutants as well as single point mutations of conserved methylation loop residues (E114A, Glu114-->Ala; L116T, Leu116-->Thr) were generated. E114A and L116T activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) and NAD+ kinase (NADK) similar to wild-type calmodulin, but lost their ability to be methylated. Domain exchange mutants in which EF hand III or IV was replaced by EF hand I or II respectively (CaM1214 and CaM1232 respectively) showed a modest effect on PDE and NADK activation (50 to 100% of wild-type), but calmodulin methylation was abolished. A third domain exchange mutant, CaMEKL, has the methylation loop sequence placed at a symmetrical position between EF hands I and II in the N-terminal lobe [residues QNP(41-43) replaced by EKL]. CaMEKL activated PDE normally, but did not activate NADK. However, CaMEKL retained the ability to bind to NADK and inhibited activation by wild-type calmodulin. Site-directed mutagenesis of single residues showed that Gln41 and Pro43 substitutions had the strongest effect on NADK activation. Additionally, CaMEKL was not methylated, suggesting that the introduction of the methylation loop between EF hands I and II is not adequate for methyltransferase recognition. Overall the data indicate that residues in the methylation loop are essential but not sufficient for methyltransferase recognition, and that additional residues unique to EF hands III and IV are required. Secondly, the QNP sequence in the loop between EF hands I and II is necessary for NADK activation.
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PMID:Structural elements within the methylation loop (residues 112-117) and EF hands III and IV of calmodulin are required for Lys(115) trimethylation. 1033 84

The effect of a series of phytotoxins isolated from the fungus Guanomyces polytrix on calmodulin (CaM)-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) and CaM-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities was investigated. The results indicated that (2S,3S)-5-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-2,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one, (2S,3S)-5-hydroxy-6,8,10-trimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-2,3-dihydro-naphtho[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one, (2S,3R)-5-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-naphtho[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one, (2S,3R)-5-hydroxy-6,8,10-trime-thoxy-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-naphtho[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one, 5-hydro-xy-6,8-dimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-naphtho[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one, rubrofusarin B, and ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one inhibited the activation of both target enzymes in the presence of CaM. On the other hand, (2S)-5-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2-methyl-4H-2,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one and (2S)-5-hydroxy-6,8,10-trimethoxy-2-methyl-4H-2,3-dihydronaphtho-[2,3-b]-pyran-4-one inhibited the activation of PDE and the basal activity of NADK. Thus, these phytotoxins are CaM inhibitors and may exert their phytotoxic action by inhibiting the CaM-dependent process, although they could also interfere with other cellular metabolic phenomena. This is the first report of the use of the NADK assay to detect or quantify CaM inhibitors, and it could be a valuable tool for studying those CaM isoforms regulating NADK.
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PMID:Effect of selected phytotoxins from Guanomyces polythrix on the calmodulin-dependent activity of the enzymes cAMP phosphodiesterase and NAD-kinase. 1470 77