Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.4.1 (phosphodiesterase)
 18,767 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3, exerts neuroprotective effects on acute brain injury after cerebral ischemia in rats. However, it is unknown whether cilostazol affects the subacute or chronic ischemic injury. In the present study, we evaluated the dose- and time-dependent effects of cilostazol on acute ischemic brain injury and the long-lasting effect on the late (subacute/chronic) injury in mice with focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that pre-treatment of cilostazol (injected i.p. at 30 min before ischemia) significantly ameliorated the acute injury 24 h after ischemia, and the effective doses were 3-10 mg/kg. The post-treatment of cilostazol (10 mg/kg) was effective on the acute injury when it was injected 1 and 2 h after ischemia. In addition, for the late injury, post-treatment of cilostazol (10 mg/kg, i.p., for 7 consecutive days after ischemia) attenuated neurological dysfunctions, brain atrophy and infarct volume. It also inhibited astrocyte proliferation/glial scar formation and accelerated the angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone 7 and 28 days after ischemia. Thus, we conclude that cilostazol protects against not only the acute injury, but also the late injury in mice with focal cerebral ischemia; especially it can modify brain remodeling, astrogliosis and angiogenesis.
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PMID:Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, protects mice against acute and late ischemic brain injuries. 1716 38

Ibudilast, a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is clinically used in patients with stroke or dizziness. However, whether the compound exerts a beneficial effect on acute ischemic stroke remains to be established. We used a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion, and explored the effects of ibudilast on infarction size, brain edema, atrophy, and nerve cell death. Neurological outcomes (behavior and mortality) of rats were also assessed. An intravenous administration of ibudilast attenuated the size of cerebral infarction in a dose-dependent manner, with the most significant reduction achieved at the dose of 10mg/kg. Ibudilast induced a significant reduction in infarct size when administered 30min before MCAO or 0-2h after reperfusion, with the largest reduction observed at 30min before MCAO and 1h after reperfusion. Ibudilast significantly attenuated brain edema formation, cerebral atrophy and apoptosis of nerve cells preferentially in the cortical penumbra area, and also significantly reduced mortality and improved neurological outcomes. Expression of various inflammatory mediator molecules in both hemispheres was markedly suppressed by ibudilast. We conclude that ibudilast exerts beneficial effects against acute brain ischemia in an animal model.
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PMID:Ibudilast, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, protects against ischemic brain injury in rats. 2213 56

Reduced expression of 2'-3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (Cnp) in humans and mice causes white matter inflammation and catatonic signs. These consequences are experimentally alleviated by microglia ablation via colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition using PLX5622. Here we address for the first time preclinical topics crucial for translation, most importantly 1) the comparison of 2 long-term PLX5622 applications (prevention and treatment) vs. 1 treatment alone, 2) the correlation of catatonic signs and executive dysfunction, 3) the phenotype of leftover microglia evading depletion, and 4) the role of intercellular interactions for efficient CSF1R inhibition. Based on our Cnp-/- mouse model and in vitro time-lapse imaging, we report the unexpected discovery that microglia surviving under PLX5622 display a highly inflammatory phenotype including aggressive premortal phagocytosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Interestingly, ablating microglia in vitro requires mixed glial cultures, whereas cultured pure microglia withstand PLX5622 application. Importantly, 2 extended rounds of CSF1R inhibition are not superior to 1 treatment regarding any readout investigated (magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, behavior, immunohistochemistry). Catatonia-related executive dysfunction and brain atrophy of Cnp-/- mice fail to improve under PLX5622. To conclude, even though microglia depletion is temporarily beneficial and worth pursuing, complementary treatment strategies are needed for full and lasting recovery.-Fernandez Garcia-Agudo, L., Janova, H., Sendler, L. E., Arinrad, S., Steixner, A. A., Hassouna, I., Balmuth, E., Ronnenberg, A., Schopf, N., van der Flier, F. J., Begemann, M., Martens, H., Weber, M. S., Boretius, S., Nave, K.-A., Ehrenreich, H. Genetically induced brain inflammation by Cnp deletion transiently benefits from microglia depletion.
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PMID:Genetically induced brain inflammation by Cnp deletion transiently benefits from microglia depletion. 3109 Apr 55