Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:3.1.30.2 (endonuclease)
18,621 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The molecular basis for the inhibition of the Ca2+,Mg2+-dependent endonuclease resulting from the formation of poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (ADP-Rib) was studies in a simplified system containing purified rat liver or bull semen endonuclease, purified rat liver poly(ADP-Rib) synthetase, [3H]NAD+, and DNA. Poly-(adp-rib) synthetase activity was stimulated when Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease was added to the reaction mixture in place of histones, suggesting that the endonuclease can act as an acceptor for ADP-Rib. Evidence was presented to show that the ADP-Rib moiety of [3H]NAD+ was incorporated in the endonuclease fraction. The [3H]ADP-Rib bound to the endonuclease was in the form of monomers and oligomers and not long chain polymers. The present results suggest that the Ca2+,Mg2+-dependent endonuclease was ADP-ribosylated when the endonuclease was incubated with poly(ADP-Rib) synthetase and NAD+.
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PMID:Evidence for adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease. 23 25

6-Nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone and 3-nitrosobenzamide, two C-nitroso compounds that inactivate the eukaryotic nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase [NAD+:poly(adenosine diphosphate D-ribose) ADP-D-ribosyltransferase, ADPRT, EC 2.4.2.30] at one zinc-finger site, completely suppressed the proliferation of leukemic and other malignant human cells and subsequently produced cell death. Tumoricidal concentrations of the drugs were relatively harmless to normal bone marrow progenitor cells and to superoxide formation by neutrophil granulocytes. The cellular mechanism elicited by the C-nitroso compounds consists of apoptosis due to DNA degradation by the nuclear calcium/magnesium-dependent endonuclease. This endonuclease is maintained in a latent form by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, but inactivation of ADPRT by C-nitroso drugs derepresses the DNA-degrading activity. ADPRT is thus identified as a critical regulatory enzyme component of a DNA-binding multiprotein system that plays a central function in defining DNA structures in the intact cell.
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PMID:Induction of endonuclease-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells by C-nitroso-substituted ligands of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. 150 87

Endonuclease activity which specifically cleaves baseless (apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP] sites in supercoiled DNA has been purified from mitochondria of the mouse plasmacytoma cell line, MPC-11. Two variant forms separate upon purification; these have small but reproducible differences in catalytic and chromatographic properties, but similar physical properties. Both have a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0, corresponding to a molecular weight of 61,000 (assuming a globular configuration) and a peptide molecular weight of about 65,000 as determined by immunoblot analysis with antiserum raised against the major AP endonuclease from HeLa cells. Thus mitochondrial AP endonuclease appears to be a monomer of about 65 kDa, making it distinguishable from the major AP endonuclease of MPC-11 cells which, like those of other mammalian cells, appears to be a monomer of about 41 kDa. A possible 82-kDa precursor form was also detected by immunoblot analysis of a crude mitochondrial fraction. Mitochondrial AP endonuclease activity is greatly stimulated by divalent cations, has a pH optimum between 6.5 and 8.5, and cleaves the AP site by a class II mechanism to generate a 3'-OH nucleotide residue. These properties resemble those of the major mammalian AP endonucleases but, unlike those enzymes, mitochondrial AP endonuclease activity is neither inhibited by adenine or NAD+ nor stimulated by Triton X-100. Since the mitochondrial activity generates active primer termini for DNA synthesis, it could function in base excision DNA repair; alternatively, it might have a role in eliminating damaged mitochondrial genomes from the gene pool.
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PMID:Mitochondrial endonuclease activities specific for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in DNA from mouse cells. 245 85

Incubation of isolated rat liver nuclei with ATP, NAD+, and submicromolar Ca2+ concentrations resulted in extensive DNA hydrolysis. Half-maximal activity occurred with 200 nM Ca2+, and saturation of the process was observed with 1 microM Ca2+. ATP stimulated a calmodulin-dependent nuclear Ca2+ uptake system which apparently mediated endonuclease activation. Ca2+-activated DNA fragmentation was inhibited by the inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, 3-aminobenzamide, and was associated with poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear protein. The characteristics of this endonuclease activity indicate that it may be responsible for the Ca2+-dependent fragmentation of DNA involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and in certain forms of chemically induced cell killing.
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PMID:Calcium-activated DNA fragmentation in rat liver nuclei. 270 97

Nuclear ADP-ribosyltransferase is present in cells from the chick lens throughout embryonic development. The activity does not decrease when the cells become post-mitotic and commence terminal differentiation but declines slowly in both epithelia and fibre cells. At all stages studied the enzyme retains its ability to be activated by DNA strand breaks induced either by X-irradiation or by the action of an endogenous endonuclease. There is no correlation between the enzyme activity or the levels of its substrate NAD+ and the changes in DNA repair capacity which have been observed during the development of the lens.
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PMID:Nuclear ADP-ribosylation in the chick lens during embryonic development. 298 94

Conformational changes in the chromatin of the cerebral hemisphere of 3-, 14- and 30-day old developing rats were studied before and after its ADP-ribosylation using DNase I and micrococcal nuclease (MNase). The rate and extent of digestion of chromatin by DNase I are the highest at 3-day and decline progressively thereafter. The rate and extent of digestion by MNase do not change during development. ADP-ribosylation of chromosomal proteins was carried out by incubating nuclei with NAD+ for 30 min and was followed by endonuclease digestion. Both the rate and extent of digestion by DNase I and MNase were enhanced after ADP-ribosylation which was the maximum for 3-day rats.
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PMID:ADP-ribosylation induced changes in the conformation of the chromatin of the brain of developing rats. 396 86

An endodeoxyribonuclease from HeLa cells acting on apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The presence of Triton X-100 was necessary throughout the purification for stabilization and stimulation of activity. The endonuclease has an apparent native molecular weight of 32,000 determined by molecular sieving and an apparent subunit molecular weight of 41,000 as judged by its electrophoretic mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The activity has an absolute requirement for Mg2+ or Mn2+ and a broad pH optimum between 6.7 and 9.0 with maximal activity near pH 7.5. The enzyme has no detectable exonuclease activity, nor any endonuclease activity on untreated duplex or single-stranded DNA. It is inhibited by adenine, hypoxanthine, adenosine, AMP, ADP-ribose, and NAD+, but it is unaffected by caffeine, the pyrimidine bases, ADP, ATP, or NADH. The use of a variety of damaged DNA substrates provided no indication that the enzyme acts on other than AP sites. The enzyme appears to cleave AP DNA so as to leave deoxyribose-5-phosphate at the 5' terminus and a 3'-OH at the 3' terminus; it also removes deoxyribose-5-phosphate from AP DNA which has deoxyribose at the 3' terminus. Specific antibody has been produced in rabbits which interacts only with a 41,000-dalton protein present in the purified enzyme (presumably the enzyme itself), as well as with partially purified AP endonuclease fractions from human placenta and fibroblasts.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease from HeLa cells. 625 65

The molecular mechanism of the inhibition of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease by ADP-ribosylation was studied by using purified bull seminal plasma Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease, endonuclease-stimulating proteins, and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The activity of an essentially homogeneous preparation of the endonuclease was markedly suppressed by its preincubation with NAD+, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase, DNA, and Mg2+. These four components of the incubation mixture were all essential for the suppression of the activity. Analyses of the initial and the chased reaction product by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease was ADP-ribosylated during the incubation and its activity was markedly inhibited by the elongation of the ADP-ribose polymer covalently attached to the endonuclease. When the suppressed enzymes were mildly treated with an alkaline pH of 10.0, the activity was restored almost to the level of the unmodified control sample. These facts indicate that the linkage between the enzyme and poly(ADP-ribose) is hydrolyzed at this pH, and that the liberated polymer itself does not appreciably affect the endonuclease activity. These results also suggest that an electric repulsion between negative charges on DNA and poly(ADP-ribose) attached to Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease is the basis for the observed suppression of the enzyme by ADP-ribosylation. Though histone H2B and H1 are shown to be as good endonuclease-stimulators (1) as they are good acceptors of ADP-ribose in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase reaction (2), ADP-ribosylation of these two proteins did not affect their endonuclease-stimulating ability appreciably, at least under the conditions used.
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PMID:Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease and ADP-ribosylation. 631 36

The activity of purified Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease was inhibited when the enzyme was incubated in a system containing poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase, NAD+, Mg2+, and DNA. All four ingredients were essential to mediate ADP-ribosylation and to demonstrate inhibition of the endonuclease. In the absence of Mg2+, ADP-ribose transferring activity of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase was stimulated by the addition of purified endonuclease to the reaction mixture in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the reaction product showed that the endonuclease was ADP-ribosylated. The average chain length of the initial oligo(ADP-ribose) attached to the enzyme was about 5.9 residues. The oligomer was found to be extensively elongated during the chase experiment using unlabeled NAD+ and Mg2+. The present finding suggests that Mg2+ is essential for the extensive elongation of the oligo(ADP-ribose). The DNA-binding affinity of the modified endonuclease was significantly lower than that of unmodified enzyme. Also, free poly(ADP-ribose) was not an effective inhibitor of the endonuclease. These findings suggest that the observed inhibition of the endonuclease induced by ADP-ribosylation is probably due to an electrostatic repulsion between the substrate (DNA) and poly(ADP-ribose) covalently linked to the endonuclease. Histone H1 and H2B stimulated endonuclease activity and were acceptors of ADP-ribose; however, their capacity to stimulate endonuclease activity remained unchanged after ADP-ribosylation.
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PMID:Mechanism of the inhibition of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent endonuclease of bull seminal plasma induced by ADP-ribosylation. 632 87

Detergent-lysed BS-C-1, HeLa, and mouse L cells incorporate ADP-ribose from NAD+ into two classes of macromolecules. Metabolically stable products, which appear to be a variety of proteins to which are attached one or a few ADP-ribose residues, predominate when the cellular DNA remains intact. In addition, ghost cells have a potentially much greater capacity to synthesize poly(ADP-ribose), which is completely dependent upon the introduction of strand breaks into their DNA. The initial rate of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis increases linearly with prior x-ray dose or with the concentration of endonuclease added and, once synthesized, the polymer is rapidly degraded with a half-life of 10 min or less. It appears that sites on the DNA capable of supporting a certain amount of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis are created as a result of x-irradiation or nucleolytic cleavage and are rapidly eliminated, or "repaired," during subsequent incubation. The sites accumulate if cells are irradiated at 0 degree C; further incubation of the lysed cells with NAD+ at 35 degrees C results in both a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis and the elimination of the sites. NAD+ enhances the elimination of x-ray-induced sites. Thus, the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) may be required for the repair of DNA strand breaks.
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PMID:ADP-ribosylation in mammalian cell ghosts. Dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on strand breakage in DNA. 743 Jan 32


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