Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.30.2 (endonuclease)
 18,621 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Argonaute family member Ago1 is required for formation of pericentric heterochromatin and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In addition, we have recently demonstrated that Ago1 function is required for enactment of cell cycle checkpoints (Carmichael, J. B., Provost, P., Ekwall, K., and Hobman, T. C. (2004) Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 1425-1435). Here, we provide evidence that the amino terminus of Ago1 binds to proteins that function in cell cycle regulation including 14-3-3 proteins. Interestingly, the amino terminus of human Ago2, the endonuclease that cleaves siRNA-targeted mRNAs, was also demonstrated to bind 14-3-3 proteins. Overexpression of the Ago1 amino terminus in yeast resulted in cell cycle delay at the G(2)/M boundary. Further investigation revealed that nuclear import of the mitosis-inducing phosphatase Cdc25 is inhibited by overexpression of the Ago1 amino terminus. Under these conditions, we found that the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc2 is constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine 15, thereby reducing the activity of this kinase, a situation that delays entry into mitosis. We hypothesize that 14-3-3 proteins are required for Argonaute protein functions in cell cycle and/or gene-silencing pathways.
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PMID:Interactions between the RNA interference effector protein Ago1 and 14-3-3 proteins: consequences for cell cycle progression. 1704 60

In order to clone PCR products and express them effectively in Escherichia coli, a directional cloning system was constructed by generating a T vector based on pQE-30Xa. The vector was prepared by inserting an XcmI cassette containing an endonuclease XcmI site, a kanamycin selective marker, a multiple-cloning-site (MCS) region and an opposite endonuclease XcmI site into the vector pQE-30Xa. The T vector pQE-T with single overhanging dT residues at both 3' ends was obtained by digesting with the restriction enzyme XcmI. For directional cloning, a BamHI site was introduced to the ends of the PCR products. A BamHI site was also located on the multiple cloning site of pQE-T. The PCR products were ligated with pQE-T. The directionally inserted recombinants were distinguished by using BamHI to digest the recombinants because there are two BamHI sites located on the both sides of PCR fragment. In order to identify the T-vector functions, the 14-3-3-ZsGreen and hRBP genes were amplified and a BamHI site was added to the ends of the genes to confirm this vector by ligation with pQE-T. Results showed that the 14-3-3-ZsGreen and hRBP were cloned to the vector pQE-T directly and corresponding proteins were successfully produced. It was here demonstrated that this directional vector is capable of gene cloning and is used to manipulate gene expression very easily. The methodology proposed here involves easy incorporation of the construct into other vectors in various hosts.
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PMID:Construction of a directional T vector for cloning PCR products and expression in Escherichia coli. 2568 61

Exonuclease 1 (Exo1) has important roles in DNA metabolic transactions that are essential for genome maintenance, telomere regulation and cancer suppression. However, the mechanisms for regulating Exo1 activity in these processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that Exo1 activity is regulated by a direct interaction with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a prominent posttranslational modification at the sites of DNA damage. This PAR-binding activity promotes the early recruitment of Exo1 to sites of DNA damage, where it is retained through an interaction with PCNA, which interacts with the C-terminus of Exo1. The effects of both PAR and PCNA on Exo1 damage association are antagonized by the 14-3-3 adaptor proteins, which interact with the central domain of Exo1. Although PAR binding inhibits both the exonuclease activity and the 5' flap endonuclease activity of purified Exo1, the pharmacological blockade of PAR synthesis does not overtly affect DNA double-strand break end resection in a cell free Xenopus egg extract. Thus, the counteracting effects of PAR on Exo1 recruitment and enzymatic activity may enable appropriate resection of DNA ends while preventing unscheduled or improper processing of DNA breaks in cells.
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PMID:Poly(ADP-ribose)-binding promotes Exo1 damage recruitment and suppresses its nuclease activities. 2651 24

The S phase checkpoint is crucial to maintain genome stability under conditions that threaten DNA replication. One of its critical functions is to prevent Exo1-dependent fork degradation, and Exo1 is phosphorylated in response to different genotoxic agents. Exo1 seemed to be regulated by several post-translational modifications in the presence of replicative stress, but the specific contribution of checkpoint-dependent phosphorylation to Exo1 control and fork stability is not clear. We show here that Exo1 phosphorylation is Dun1-independent and Rad53-dependent in response to DNA damage or dNTP depletion, and in both situations Exo1 is similarly phosphorylated at multiple sites. To investigate the correlation between Exo1 phosphorylation and fork stability, we have generated phospho-mimic exo1 alleles that rescue fork collapse in rad53 mutants as efficiently as exo1-nuclease dead mutants or the absence of Exo1, arguing that Rad53-dependent phosphorylation is the mayor requirement to preserve fork stability. We have also shown that this rescue is Bmh1-2 independent, arguing that the 14-3-3 proteins are dispensable for fork stabilization, at least when Exo1 is downregulated. Importantly, our results indicated that phosphorylation specifically inhibits the 5' to 3'exo-nuclease activity, suggesting that this activity of Exo1 and not the flap-endonuclease, is the enzymatic activity responsible of the collapse of stalled replication forks in checkpoint mutants.
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PMID:Exo1 phosphorylation inhibits exonuclease activity and prevents fork collapse in rad53 mutants independently of the 14-3-3 proteins. 3202 Feb 4