Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:3.1.30.1 (S1 nuclease)
 3,660 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a group of peptides, originally isolated from the cardiac atria, that have a number of important effects on blood pressure, renal function, and salt balance. In the current study, expression of the ANF gene in certain extra-atrial tissues of the rat has been examined by radioimmunoassay of extracted ANF protein and by blot-hybridization, nuclease S1 analysis, and primer-extension analysis of the ANF mRNA. ANF peptides and mRNA were detected in cardiac ventricles, lung, and pituitary gland at levels generally less than or equal to 1% those of cardiac atria. The ANF transcripts in extra-atrial tissue appear to be very similar to those synthesized in the atria. They are polyadenylylated, are equivalent in overall length (950-1050 nucleotides), and have identical 5' termini. A secondary transcription start site mapping approximately 80 base pairs upstream from the primary start site is employed in atria and to a lesser extent in other tissues. The ANF transcript is present throughout the cardiac ventricles from apex to base and in the septum as well as the ventricular free walls. The transcript is more prevalent in the left ventricle and interventricular septum than in the right ventricle. Immunocytochemistry using various anti-rat ANF antibodies localized ANF immunoreactivity to the atrial myocytes; the ventricular myocytes, particularly along the endothelial surface of the ventricular chamber; perialveolar cells in the lung; and the gonadotropin-producing cells of the pituitary. The data indicate that the capacity for ANF gene expression extends beyond atrial tissue, albeit at much reduced levels, and may suggest alternative, perhaps paraendocrine, functions for the peptide in these tissues.
 ...
PMID:Extra-atrial expression of the gene for atrial natriuretic factor. 242 40

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene transcripts have been identified in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and cerebral cortex of the rat. The hypothalamic transcripts are similar in overall size (approximately 1100 nucleotides), 5' terminus, 3' terminus, and nucleotide sequence to their counterparts synthesized in the cardiac atria. The 5' terminus of the hypothalamic transcripts, determined by both S1 nuclease and primer-extension analysis, was located approximately 20 nucleotides downstream from the TATAAAA sequence that is thought to dictate the start of transcription. Similar 5' termini were identified in RNA from the brainstem and cerebral cortex. The 3' termini of the hypothalamic transcripts mapped approximately 10 nucleotides downstream from each of two successive AATAAA sequences that are believed to provide the cleavage signal required for subsequent polyadenylylation. The same 3' termini were present in atrial, ventricular, lung, and pituitary RNA. To confirm the identity of the hypothalamic gene transcript, a partial-length cDNA clone encoding ANF was isolated from a hypothalamic cDNA library and sequenced. This hypothalamic clone was identical to an analogous atrial cDNA clone at each of its 612 nucleotide positions. These findings suggest that ANF peptides, previously identified in specific loci of the hypothalamus and pontine tegmentum, are synthesized locally in these tissues and support a role for this peptide in the central regulation of cardiovascular physiology.
 ...
PMID:Identification of atrial natriuretic factor gene transcripts in the central nervous system of the rat. 295 36

5'-Flanking sequences from the human atrial natriuretic factor (hANF) gene were subcloned into a reporter plasmid (pSVOCAT) and transfected into primary cultures of neonatal rat atrial cardiocytes. Hybrid hANFCAT genes containing either 2500 or 409 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence DNA were expressed at similar levels. When sequences between -409 and -332 were deleted, reporter gene (CAT) activity decreased significantly. Expression of the hANFCAT constructs was specific for atrial cells, as no expression was detected in primary cultures of ventricular cardiocytes or nonmyocardial cells derived from the neonatal hearts. Correct transcription start sites for the transfected hANF genes were confirmed by S1 nuclease mapping and RNase protection analysis. A "gel shift" assay was used to identify a specific cardiac nuclear protein which bound to the 5'-flanking sequence of the hANF gene. A 192-base pair PvuII fragment (-400 to -208) associated with a protein in these extracts in a tissue- and sequence-specific fashion. These findings indicate that the DNA sequence between -409 and -332 in the hANF gene harbors a tissue-specific element whose activity may involve association with a cardiac-specific nuclear protein.
 ...
PMID:Upstream sequences confer atrial-specific expression on the human atrial natriuretic factor gene. 296 19