Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:3.1.30.1 (S1 nuclease)
3,660 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We located and characterized transcription terminators in the E1a and E1b genes by transferring the 3' fragments of the genes into the vector pSCAT10 [Sato et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1986) 1032-1043] at a site located immediately downstream from the cat gene (coding for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; CAT) and upstream from the simian virus 40 polyadenylation region. Multiple terminators were located downstream from the E1b gene, but not in the 3' region of the E1a gene. Fine analysis of these terminators by the CAT assay method and S1 nuclease mapping of in vivo transcripts indicated possible involvement of a G-rich sequence in transcription termination of the E1 region. These terminators were repeated tandemly and used by both the E1a and the E1b genes in a orientation-dependent manner.
...
PMID:Multiple transcription terminators in E1a and E1b genes of adenovirus type 5. 246 6

The entire gene for chicken cartilage matrix protein (CMP) has been isolated and characterized by restriction mapping, electron microscopy, nuclease S1 mapping, and sequence analysis. The gene, which is present in a single copy in the chicken genome, is 18 kilobase pairs long and comprises eight exons and seven introns. It has two transcription initiation sites, 8 base pairs from each other. A sequence very homologous to the consensus nuclear factor III binding-site sequence, a CAT- and a TATA-like sequence are found in the promoter region and ATTAAA is used as a polyadenylation signal. The nucleotide sequence defines a primary translation product of 493 amino acids which consists of a 23-amino acid signal peptide and two large repeated domains connected by an epidermal growth factor module. Amino acid sequences homologous to those of the repeated domains are present in the type A repeats of von Willebrand factor, complement factors B and C2, and in the alpha chains of the integrins Mac-1, p150,95, and LFA-1. The exon-intron structure indicates that the CMP gene may have arisen by exon duplication and exon shuffling during evolution. The GT-AG splice rule cannot be applied for the excision of the last intron of the CMP pre-mRNA. The donor splice site of intron G is basically different from the consensus sequence indicating that a novel type of splicing mechanism might exist in cartilage.
...
PMID:Structure of the gene for cartilage matrix protein, a modular protein of the extracellular matrix. Exon/intron organization, unusual splice sites, and relation to alpha chains of beta 2 integrins, von Willebrand factor, complement factors B and C2, and epidermal growth factor. 254 65

Cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be activated to express lytic-cycle polypeptides by the introduction of the EBV-encoded Z transactivator, indicating that this protein has a pivotal role in virus reactivation. We examined the target specificity of the Z transactivator in short-term contransfection assays and found that the most responsive target to Z transactivation was the divergent NotI repeat promoter, located within the EBV BamHI H fragment. In contrast, target plasmids containing the cat gene linked to heterologous viral promoters were not activated by cotransfection with the Z gene. S1 nuclease analysis of RNA from chemically induced B95-8 cells and from Vero cells cotransfected with NotI repeat promoter-CAT and Z showed that Z transactivation increased the level of correctly initiated, stable RNA transcripts. The NotI repeat gene (ntr) gives rise to a highly abundant mRNA species after chemical induction of lytic virus replication, but no protein product had been previously identified. Using monospecific antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide from the BHLF1 open reading frame, we demonstrated that the ntr gene encodes a protein product that is found in nuclear patches colocalizing with nucleoli. A series of deletions introduced into the upstream sequences of the NotI-repeat-promoter revealed two separate Z-response regions. The minimal promoter region between -7 and -155 of the leftward RNA cap site and an upstream region between -644 and -902 were both independently capable of conferring Z responsiveness. However, the minimal region, which was activated by Z cotransfection in Vero cells, was poorly responsive in lymphocytes, whereas the response of the far-upstream region to Z cotransfection was lymphocyte specific. In its human host, EBV infects both epithelial and lymphocyte populations. This dual lifestyle may have led to the evolution of multiple Z-response signals that enable the Z transactivator to interact with both cell-specific promoter and enhancer factors.
...
PMID:Responsiveness of the Epstein-Barr virus NotI repeat promoter to the Z transactivator is mediated in a cell-type-specific manner by two independent signal regions. 254 12

Cardiac troponin C (cTnC) is the calcium-binding subunit of the myofibrillar thin filament that regulates excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle. We have utilized a novel polymerase chain reaction cloning procedure to isolate cDNA clones encoding murine cTnC. Murine cTnC is a 161-amino acid polypeptide that has been highly conserved during evolution. Southern blot analyses demonstrated that the cTnC gene is a member of a multigene family. Northern blot analyses revealed that the cTnC gene is expressed in murine cardiac tissue and slow skeletal muscle (soleus), but is not expressed in fast skeletal muscle (extensor digitorum longus and anterior tibialis) or in neonatal or adult brain, kidney, lung, liver, or testis. In addition, while the cTnC gene is not expressed in murine C2C12 myoblasts, differentiation of these cells into myotubes was shown to result in a dramatic induction of cTnC gene expression. A full length cTnC genomic clone was isolated from a murine genomic library by hybridization with a cTnC cDNA probe and structurally characterized by DNA sequence, primer extension, and S1 nuclease protection analyses. The cTnC gene is 3.4 kilobase pairs long and is composed of six exons. The introns do not appear to divide the gene into functional domains. Analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the gene revealed the presence of a consensus TATA box 24 base pairs 5' of the transcription start site. Despite the finding that the gene is expressed only in cardiac and slow skeletal muscle, it lacks the previously described CArG and M-CAT transcriptional regulatory sequence motifs that are involved in regulating the expression of a number of other myofibrillar genes.
...
PMID:Structure and expression of the murine slow/cardiac troponin C gene. 275 13

A genomic DNA clone encoding oryzacystatin (Oc), a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) of rice, was isolated from a lambda EMBL3 phage library constructed with Sau3AI partial digests of rice chromosomal DNA, by screening with an oc cDNA as a probe. The restriction map of the isolated DNA fragment was consistent with the pattern of the genomic Southern-blot analysis using a cDNA probe, and consequently, the gene is considered to be a single-copy gene. The oc gene is about 1.4 kb long and composed of three exons and two introns. The first intron (336 bp) intervenes between Ala-38 and Asp-39. The second intron (372 bp) exists in the 3'-noncoding region at the G residue next to the stop codon. S1 nuclease mapping showed the major transcription start point (tsp) at A, 104 bp upstream from the start codon (ATG). Typical CAT and TATA box sequences were found in the 5'-upstream region of the tsp. The nucleotide sequences around the TATA box, the tsp, the start codon, and the stop codon essentially matched the consensus sequences of other higher plant genes. The intron boundaries of the oc gene were quite different from those of the human kininogen-encoding gene and the human salivary cystatin (cystatin S)-encoding gene.
...
PMID:Cloning and sequence analysis of the genomic DNA fragment encoding oryzacystatin. 280 16

The gene encoding cytosolic adenylate kinase (AK1) was isolated from a chicken genomic DNA library by using its cDNA as a hybridization probe. The chicken AK1 gene spanned about 6 kilobase pairs and consisted of 7 exons. Analyses of the 5'-flanking region sequence and S1 nuclease mapping revealed that the transcription initiation site is located at 84 base pairs upstream from the ATG initiation codon. The TATA box and the putative CAT box were located 29 base pairs and 97 base pairs upstream from the transcription initiation site, respectively. A total of 7 GC boxes were found in the 5'-flanking region, the exon 1, and the intron 1. The GC boxes were surrounded by the sequences with extremely high G+C contents. When projected on the three-dimensional structure of the AK1 protein molecule, introns fell either between or near the ends of alpha-helices and beta-strands, and most of the coding exons encoded at least one alpha-helix and one beta-strand. The dot matrix plot analysis between chicken AK1 and bovine mitochondrial adenylate kinase (AK2) suggested that the AK1 gene might have evolved from the AK2 gene by deletion of one or more exon(s).
...
PMID:Structure and complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding chicken cytosolic adenylate kinase. 284 38

The mitochondrial ATP synthase beta subunit is encoded by a nuclear gene and assembled with the other subunits encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. As the next step in the analysis of the molecular mechanisms coordinating the two genetic systems, the gene for the human beta subunit was cloned, and its structure was determined. The gene contains 10 exons, with the first exon corresponding to the noncoding region and most of the presequence which targets this protein to the mitochondria. Eight Alu repeating sequences including inverted repeats were found in the 5' upstream region and introns. An S1 nuclease protection experiment revealed two initiation sites for the transcription. A typical TATA box was not present at about 30 base pairs upstream from either initiation site. Three CAT boxes (CCAAT) were found between the two initiation sites. In addition, one CAT box was found 41 base pairs upstream from the first initiation site. Two GC boxes (potential Sp1 binding sites) were located in the 5' upstream region, one of them linked to Alu repeating sequences. For determination of the promoter activity, fragments of various length from the 5' upstream region were fused to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and transfected into cultured cells. This experiment showed the existence of an enhancing, structure(s) for transcription between nucleotide -400 and -1100 in the upstream region.
...
PMID:Gene structure of the human mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase beta subunit. 290 Feb 41

5'-Flanking sequences from the human atrial natriuretic factor (hANF) gene were subcloned into a reporter plasmid (pSVOCAT) and transfected into primary cultures of neonatal rat atrial cardiocytes. Hybrid hANFCAT genes containing either 2500 or 409 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence DNA were expressed at similar levels. When sequences between -409 and -332 were deleted, reporter gene (CAT) activity decreased significantly. Expression of the hANFCAT constructs was specific for atrial cells, as no expression was detected in primary cultures of ventricular cardiocytes or nonmyocardial cells derived from the neonatal hearts. Correct transcription start sites for the transfected hANF genes were confirmed by S1 nuclease mapping and RNase protection analysis. A "gel shift" assay was used to identify a specific cardiac nuclear protein which bound to the 5'-flanking sequence of the hANF gene. A 192-base pair PvuII fragment (-400 to -208) associated with a protein in these extracts in a tissue- and sequence-specific fashion. These findings indicate that the DNA sequence between -409 and -332 in the hANF gene harbors a tissue-specific element whose activity may involve association with a cardiac-specific nuclear protein.
...
PMID:Upstream sequences confer atrial-specific expression on the human atrial natriuretic factor gene. 296 19

We developed an in vivo screening system for the DNA region involved in transcription termination. This system is based on the idea that the CAT gene bearing transcription terminator upstream of poly(A) signal should produce a low CAT activity in the transfected cell. Using this system, we located termination elements in the human gastrin gene and adenovirus E1 gene. Furthermore, the terminator of gastrin gene was identified by S1 nuclease mapping and in vitro transcription.
...
PMID:Mechanism of transcription termination in eukaryotic cell. 297 56

We have identified a positive modulator within the c-myc first exon downstream of the gene's transcription initiation sites, P1 and P2. We introduced myc-CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) hybrid genes into three cell lines (BJAB, COS and HeLa) and measured their expression by either CAT enzymatic activity, S1 nuclease protection or by a nuclear 'run-on' transcription assay. Removal of 46 bp from the 3' end of the first exon results in a decrease of myc-CAT expression and P2 activity. A 438-bp exon 1 segment, lacking the normal myc promoters, efficiently drives the expression of SV40 early promoters. We find that this first exon segment efficiently functions as a positive modulator only in its sense orientation, 3' of a nearby promoter. The positive effects of the myc first exon and the SV40 enhancer are complementary.
...
PMID:The first exon of the c-myc proto-oncogene contains a novel positive control element. 303 Jul 32


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>

---